This particular student mixed history, narrative, and dialogue to create a paper that is of the quality level for which I expect from a survey-level world history class.
You do not have to follow this example as a road map, but it should give you an idea of the expected creative and historical blend. Again, the goal is to tap your creativity while incorporating history into the tale you create. Have fun!
A Viking Memory
“I am in search of able bodied men to join me on a voyage to find three lands to the west that Bjarni Herjolfsson supposedly found but did not venture ashore,” announced Leif Eriksson. “Who is willing to go with me?”
As Leif continued to try and recruit men for this arduous sea journey, I remembered back to when we were boys living on Iceland. Both of our families at the time were small farmers whose land was next to each others. Whenever we were done with our chores the adventure as we called it began, most of the time we would just play rock tag in the grassy knoll, go to the shore and swim, or play tabula, dice, or any other board game at someone’s house. One of the most scary and exciting moments was also one of the last things we did together on Iceland in November of 985 (Leif Eriksson).
Leif had gotten done with his chores early and came over to get me, but I hadn’t completed my chores. He said we had to go because it would take awhile to get where we were going. To finish faster he milked the cows while I finished shaving the last two sheep. I asked where he planned for us to go but he did not answer, probably because I would have said no if he had told me where we were going beforehand.
As we were about to crest a hill Leif stopped and pulled me down to the ground. He crawled to the peak of the hill, looked for a quick second, and waved me up. He turned to me as I peaked over the top of the hill and told me to follow his lead. I nodded back at him but I wasn’t sure what he had in mind since all I saw was a prairie with nothing but cattle which looked similar to the Owen family farm. He handed me a couple of heavy-duty sticks and began to walk towards the closest grazing cow. All of a sudden Leif began to bang the sticks together, yell, and run towards the cow. I quickly followed suit which caused the cow to scare and run the other way. Shortly after the first cow scared the other cows followed like dominos all lined up. After all the cattle where running scared we took off back home.
Since neither of us saw anyone outside, we thought that we were safe the entire time so slowed down and began to walk. By now the sun had set and we were not to far from the point where we had to split-up to get home. We were going to split when we heard someone yelling. We turned to look at what it was. When the source of the yelling came into focus I thought it looked like Loki on a horse with a shield in one hand and waving a sword in the other. Leif’s house was closer than mine so we took off in that direction. We ran in the house shut the door and slide a log behind it to lock it shut.
Erik and Thorhild, Leif’s parents, asked us what was going on when an axe blade pierced the door again and again (Leif Eriksson). Leif’s dad grabbed his shield and battle axe. Erik chopped the log in half with one swing of his axe and kicked the door open causing the creature to fall down to the ground. Leif’s mom grabbed the family spear and both of us and pulled us into a corner. The battle began but most of the fight was unseen by all of our eyes. A silence fell and a figure walked into the doorway which blocked much of the sunlight that had previously existed. I wondered if we were going to go the way of the sunlight. The figure called out to Thorhild. Leif’s mom dropped the spear and ran to her husband to give him a big hug.
The trouble we got into was nothing compared to what Erik the Red was charged with. He was charged with murder. The court found him guilty because the man he killed was of noble blood and they didn’t want a blood feud to be present in their region. His punishment was banishment from Iceland for three years. To be honest, the banishment of Erik the Red and his family turned out to be a good thing. Shortly after the banishment was completed they returned to Iceland. Not only was my best friend back, but they had discovered a great vast green land to the west. Word spread quickly and hundreds of Norse families - including mine - followed Erik west.
The journey was difficult and treacherous, to say the least. Some ships carried passengers, some carried building supplies for homes, and still others carried pastoral animals. Sadly, nearly half of the ships didn’t reach the final destination. The unfortunate ones that died and were not thrown overboard where buried with traditional pagan rights.
Erik the Red was declared lord of Greenland and interacted directly with the parliament of Iceland which claimed the settlement. My father was one of Erik’s closest advisors and in charge of village planning of Tunukdliarfik, Greenland (Leif Eriksson). The settlement exported ivory tusks from walrus tusks, rope, sheep, seals and cattle hides to and from Europe and Iceland. In the beginning the settlement relied heavily on European imports of logs, supplemental food, religious and social contacts, and iron tools (Dorfman, Andrea).
“Crosby, hey Crosby you coming,” questioned Leif.
“What? Yes… yeah I’m coming,” I stammered. I grabbed my trunk and ran onto the longship that was crewed, ready, and waiting for me to get a move on so the expedition could begin. As I scanned the ship I noticed that the crew was arguably the strongest looking crew that Leif and I had ever had. From this moment I felt like we could sail across an ocean and settle a new land.
Leif sat down next to me grab my shoulder and with a smile said, “I couldn’t have done it without you, buddy."
Monday, June 16, 2008
PowerPoint Notes, 6-16-2008
Extra Essay Question
Briefly detail the lives of the Reformation figures Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli. In addition, describe some of their philosophical and doctrinal arguments about Christianity, and discuss the ways in which these philosophies compare to your own views.
Precursors to Protestant Reformation
John Wycliffe
Jan Hus
Great Schism (or Western Schism)
Humanism and the Reformation
Gutenberg Bible
John Wycliffe
1323-1384
English theologian
Demanded Bible be translated into English vernacular
Attacked Church hierarchy as corrupt
Jan Hus
1369-1415
Czech theologian
Influenced by Wycliffe
Denied Church teachings not found in Bible
Burned at stake for heresy
Great Schism (or Western Schism)
1378-1417
Political battle for Papacy
Popes in Rome and Avignon
1409 – 3 different Popes
Church authority undermined; rulers had to choose Popes
Humanism and the Reformation
Piety and study of Classics the key to reform society
Questioning received wisdom
New and improved translations of Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic texts
Gutenberg Bible
1454
Hand-illuminated
180 made in time it took one copy by hand
Printing press made Bibles affordable and available
Church no longer had monopoly on Scripture
Martin Luther
1483-1546
German-born, son of a miner
Switched from law to theology
1505 - became a monk
Justification by Faith
Luther: Christ took place of sinners on the Cross
Only faith in Christ can bring salvation
Faith only possible through God’s grace
Good works occur in cooperation with God
Good works do not bring salvation
Treasury of Merit
1343, Pope Clement VI
Christ and saints, though good works, created a storehouse of merit
Clement VI argued that Church controlled Treasury of Merit
Indulgences
Full or partial remission of earthly punishment for sins
Many people believed this also applied toward Purgatory
Church officials began selling indulgences
Johann Tetzel
1465-1519
German Dominican preacher
Authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica
Excellent salesman
Tetzel - Sermon on Indulgences (1517)
Don't you hear the voices of your wailing dead parents and others who say, 'Have mercy upon me, have mercy upon me, because we are in severe punishment and pain. From this you could redeem us with a small alms and yet you do not want to do so…You let us lie in flames so that we only slowly come to the promised glory.'
Luther’s 95 Theses
October 31, 1517
Luther: indulgences were fraudulent, corrupt, and against Biblical teachings
Indulgences also led people to believe they could buy salvation
Wittenberg: important reliquary for the Church
Reaction to 95 Theses
Printed and rapidly distributed throughout Europe
Pope Leo X ordered Luther to recant
Luther refused; excommunicated in January 1521
Diet of Worms, 1521
Presided over by Charles V, HRE
Luther ordered to recant; refused
Luther declared an outlaw and a heretic
Kidnapped and hidden by friends
Reformation Spreads
HRE – individual rulers decide whether or not to follow Luther
Political as well as religious movement
Catholic and Protestant states prepare for war
Peasants’ Revolt (Peasants’ War)
1524-25 in HRE
In part inspired by Luther
Demands for tax reduction, end to serfdom
Luther denounced revolts
As many as 100,000 dead peasants
Other of Luther’s views
Pope is not infallible
Church councils capable of errors
Bible should be made available in all languages
Denied transubstantiation – “sacramental union”
On the Jews and Their Lies
Luther, 1543
“ A base, whoring people”
“Poisonous envenomed worms"
Called for Jews to be killed or enslaved until conversion
Controversy – connection to Nazis?
John Calvin
1509-1564
Born in France, later moved to Geneva
Trained as a lawyer
Converted to Protestant faith in mid-1520s
Calvin’s Views
Predestination
The Elect
Five Points – TULIP:
Total depravity
Unconditional election
Limited atonement
Irresistible grace
Perseverance of the saints
Calvinist Predestination
God is omniscient: He already knows who will be saved and damned
Elect: those to be saved
God’s grace is irresistible for the elect, but not others
Good works do not gain salvation
Free will does not bring salvation
Limited Atonement
Christ died on the Cross only for the elect, not for every sinner
Designed for some but not for all sinners
Definite and limited
Total Depravity
Every person born with original sin
People are by nature selfish and prone to resist God’s grace
Generosity and altruism are actually selfish
Ulrich Zwingli
1484-1531
“Third Man of the Reformation"
Led Reformation in Switzerland
Influenced by Luther and Calvin
Militant activist
Zwingli’s Theology
Denied transubstantiation – Eucharist was a “memorial”
Bible more authoritative than Church councils or Pope
Non-Christians might enter Heaven
English Reformation
Led by Henry VIII
Henry wanted a divorce
Fell in love with Anne Boleyn
Pope refused to grant an annulment
Henry got Parliament to declare him head of English church
European Witch Hysteria
Malleus Maleficarum
Extent of Witch Hysteria
Salem Witch Trials
1960s and 1970s: Rise of Satan-Oriented Films
Michelle Remembers
File 18
Satanic Ritual Abuse (SRA)
So, What Was This Course About?
The Past is a Strange Place…
But History has Modern Relevance...
History is not Written in Stone...
History Evolves...
History is More than Names and Wars...
History can be Interesting...
Briefly detail the lives of the Reformation figures Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli. In addition, describe some of their philosophical and doctrinal arguments about Christianity, and discuss the ways in which these philosophies compare to your own views.
Precursors to Protestant Reformation
John Wycliffe
Jan Hus
Great Schism (or Western Schism)
Humanism and the Reformation
Gutenberg Bible
John Wycliffe
1323-1384
English theologian
Demanded Bible be translated into English vernacular
Attacked Church hierarchy as corrupt
Jan Hus
1369-1415
Czech theologian
Influenced by Wycliffe
Denied Church teachings not found in Bible
Burned at stake for heresy
Great Schism (or Western Schism)
1378-1417
Political battle for Papacy
Popes in Rome and Avignon
1409 – 3 different Popes
Church authority undermined; rulers had to choose Popes
Humanism and the Reformation
Piety and study of Classics the key to reform society
Questioning received wisdom
New and improved translations of Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic texts
Gutenberg Bible
1454
Hand-illuminated
180 made in time it took one copy by hand
Printing press made Bibles affordable and available
Church no longer had monopoly on Scripture
Martin Luther
1483-1546
German-born, son of a miner
Switched from law to theology
1505 - became a monk
Justification by Faith
Luther: Christ took place of sinners on the Cross
Only faith in Christ can bring salvation
Faith only possible through God’s grace
Good works occur in cooperation with God
Good works do not bring salvation
Treasury of Merit
1343, Pope Clement VI
Christ and saints, though good works, created a storehouse of merit
Clement VI argued that Church controlled Treasury of Merit
Indulgences
Full or partial remission of earthly punishment for sins
Many people believed this also applied toward Purgatory
Church officials began selling indulgences
Johann Tetzel
1465-1519
German Dominican preacher
Authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica
Excellent salesman
Tetzel - Sermon on Indulgences (1517)
Don't you hear the voices of your wailing dead parents and others who say, 'Have mercy upon me, have mercy upon me, because we are in severe punishment and pain. From this you could redeem us with a small alms and yet you do not want to do so…You let us lie in flames so that we only slowly come to the promised glory.'
Luther’s 95 Theses
October 31, 1517
Luther: indulgences were fraudulent, corrupt, and against Biblical teachings
Indulgences also led people to believe they could buy salvation
Wittenberg: important reliquary for the Church
Reaction to 95 Theses
Printed and rapidly distributed throughout Europe
Pope Leo X ordered Luther to recant
Luther refused; excommunicated in January 1521
Diet of Worms, 1521
Presided over by Charles V, HRE
Luther ordered to recant; refused
Luther declared an outlaw and a heretic
Kidnapped and hidden by friends
Reformation Spreads
HRE – individual rulers decide whether or not to follow Luther
Political as well as religious movement
Catholic and Protestant states prepare for war
Peasants’ Revolt (Peasants’ War)
1524-25 in HRE
In part inspired by Luther
Demands for tax reduction, end to serfdom
Luther denounced revolts
As many as 100,000 dead peasants
Other of Luther’s views
Pope is not infallible
Church councils capable of errors
Bible should be made available in all languages
Denied transubstantiation – “sacramental union”
On the Jews and Their Lies
Luther, 1543
“ A base, whoring people”
“Poisonous envenomed worms"
Called for Jews to be killed or enslaved until conversion
Controversy – connection to Nazis?
John Calvin
1509-1564
Born in France, later moved to Geneva
Trained as a lawyer
Converted to Protestant faith in mid-1520s
Calvin’s Views
Predestination
The Elect
Five Points – TULIP:
Total depravity
Unconditional election
Limited atonement
Irresistible grace
Perseverance of the saints
Calvinist Predestination
God is omniscient: He already knows who will be saved and damned
Elect: those to be saved
God’s grace is irresistible for the elect, but not others
Good works do not gain salvation
Free will does not bring salvation
Limited Atonement
Christ died on the Cross only for the elect, not for every sinner
Designed for some but not for all sinners
Definite and limited
Total Depravity
Every person born with original sin
People are by nature selfish and prone to resist God’s grace
Generosity and altruism are actually selfish
Ulrich Zwingli
1484-1531
“Third Man of the Reformation"
Led Reformation in Switzerland
Influenced by Luther and Calvin
Militant activist
Zwingli’s Theology
Denied transubstantiation – Eucharist was a “memorial”
Bible more authoritative than Church councils or Pope
Non-Christians might enter Heaven
English Reformation
Led by Henry VIII
Henry wanted a divorce
Fell in love with Anne Boleyn
Pope refused to grant an annulment
Henry got Parliament to declare him head of English church
European Witch Hysteria
Malleus Maleficarum
Extent of Witch Hysteria
Salem Witch Trials
1960s and 1970s: Rise of Satan-Oriented Films
Michelle Remembers
File 18
Satanic Ritual Abuse (SRA)
So, What Was This Course About?
The Past is a Strange Place…
But History has Modern Relevance...
History is not Written in Stone...
History Evolves...
History is More than Names and Wars...
History can be Interesting...
Saturday, June 14, 2008
PowerPoint Notes, 6-12-2008
Class Evaluation
Course Number: HIST – 158-01
Course Name: World History to 1500
Semester: Spring
Be honest – I will not get these results back until next semester
The Conquest of Pre-Columbian American Civilizations
Aztec Empire
(map and discussion)
Aztec Imperial Organization
Typical Altepetl Structure
(image and discussion)
Tlatoani
Nahuatl word (“speaker,” “he who speaks well,” “king”)
Typically elected by members of royal house
Not divine
Fairly limited powers
Aztec Empire – Brief History
Mexica arrive from Aztlán
Founded Tenochtitlan in 1325
Became dominant altepetl in 1427
Formed Triple Alliance with altepetls of Texcoco and Tlacopan
Huitzilopochtli
Name: “Hummingbird of the South"
God of war and sun
Most important god to Mexica
Mexica believed he needed nourishment for the sun to continue
Quetzalcoatl
“Feathered Serpent”
Legend – he wore a white mask and grew a beard because he thought he was ugly
Prophecy: He would someday return to reclaim his throne
La Malinche
Nahua woman
Became the mistress of Cortés
Gifted with languages
Became interpreter for Spaniards
“La Chingada”? (derogatory nationalist slur)
Hernán Cortés
Conquistador
Born 1485 in Spain
Son of minor noble
Studied law
Arrived in Hispaniola in 1503
Mayor of Santiago, Cuba in 1514
1519- led expedition to Mexican coast
Tenochtitlan
(image and discussion)
Tenochtitlan
Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Conquest of New Spain:
And when we saw all those towns and villages built in the water, and other great towns on dry land, and that straight and level causeway leading to Mexico, we were astounded. These great towns . . . and buildings rising from the water, all made of stone, seemed like an enchanted vision. . . . Indeed some of our soldiers asked whether it was not all a dream . . . It was all so wonderful that I do not know how to describe this first glimpse of things never heard of, seen, or dreamed of before.
Moctezuma II
Aztec king (“huey tlatoani”)
Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin
Led greatest expansion of Aztec Empire
Quetzalcoatl myth???
Timeline of Conquest
November 1519 – Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan
Cortés, troops, and allies stay in city for a few months
Leave to fight rival Spanish force (Pánfilo de Narváez)
Noche Triste (I July 1520)
La Noche Triste
(map and discussion)
Timeline of Conquest (cont.)
Cortés regroups in Tlaxcala
Returns with an army of thousands of native allies and Spanish troops
Smallpox epidemic, 1519-1520
Siege of Tenochtitlan
Fall of Tenochtitlan, 13 August 1521
(map and discussion)
Mississippian Culture
750 CE – 1500 CE
Maize-based agriculture
Hierarchical societies
Fragmented; many chiefdoms
Noted for ritual mounds
Trade networks extended across most of North America
Decline of Mississippian Cultures
Eurasian diseases
Horses – switch by some groups to nomadic lifestyles
Disruption of trade networks due to arrival of Europeans
Rise of new native confederations
Climate?
Inca Empire
Quechua – state language
1438-1533
20 million subjects at time of conquest
Parts of modern-day Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, and Colombia
Inca Empire - Origins
Manco Capac – first king of Cuzco – son of Sun god? ~ 1200 CE
1438 – Pachacuti – Sapa Inca (“Only Inca”)
Tupac Inca Yupanqui (1471-93 CE)
Huayna Capac (1493-1527 CE)
Inca Empire - Organization
Sapa Inca
Tawantinsuyu (“The Four Regions”)
Four corners met at Cuzco, the capital
Incan Line of Succession
Incas claimed divinity for their rulers – direct descendant of the sun
Sapa Inca married sister, who became Empress (Qolla)
Son of Sapa Inca and sister typically became next Sapa Inca
Incan Road-Communication System
14,000 miles of roads
Chasquis – state messengers
Tambos – state buildings/storehouses/way stations
Many roads and tambos still survive
Quipus
String-based accounting system
Base-10 system
Census, taxes, trade, harvests, military records
Some argue this was also a writing system, using digits to represent sounds or words
Largely undecoded beyond basic numbers
Francisco Pizarro
Conquistador
Born in Spain 1471?
From Extremadura
Son of minor noble
Second cousin of Cortés
Illegitimate child
Arrives in Hispaniola in 1502
Leads expeditions to Pacific coast of South America in 1520s
Smallpox
Smallpox epidemic hits Peru 1524-26
Millions die
Huyana Capac dies
Succession crisis – son of Qolla is Ninan Cuyochi, who also dies of smallpox
Civil war begins between sons Huascar and Atahualpa
Pizarro - 1532
Exploits Incan split
Holds Atahualpa hostage for ransom
Kills Atahualpa anyways
In power vacuum Pizarro proclaims Peru for Spain
Spanish “Economies of Exploitation”
Exploitation of labor (slavery, servitude)
Exploitation of resources for the benefit of Spanish crown
Encomienda system
Grant of Indians by Crown to encomenderos for a set period of time
Taxing power, labor obligations
Widespread abuses, near slavery
Portuguese - fazenda
Repartimiento system
Indians required to provide set number of days of labor per year
Mining, farming, public works
More abuses
Bartolomé de las Casas
1484-1566
Originally a conquistador
Became a Dominican priest
Wrote extensively on destruction of indigenous Americans
Black Legend?
Hacienda system
White elites granted tracts of land
Indians paid low wages
Forced to pay rent, buy supplies from hacendados
Debt peonage – economic slavery?
Flota system
Trade monopoly of the Spanish crown
Bullion to Spain
Trade products to the Americas
Regular routes protected by warships
Course Number: HIST – 158-01
Course Name: World History to 1500
Semester: Spring
Be honest – I will not get these results back until next semester
The Conquest of Pre-Columbian American Civilizations
Aztec Empire
(map and discussion)
Aztec Imperial Organization
Typical Altepetl Structure
(image and discussion)
Tlatoani
Nahuatl word (“speaker,” “he who speaks well,” “king”)
Typically elected by members of royal house
Not divine
Fairly limited powers
Aztec Empire – Brief History
Mexica arrive from Aztlán
Founded Tenochtitlan in 1325
Became dominant altepetl in 1427
Formed Triple Alliance with altepetls of Texcoco and Tlacopan
Huitzilopochtli
Name: “Hummingbird of the South"
God of war and sun
Most important god to Mexica
Mexica believed he needed nourishment for the sun to continue
Quetzalcoatl
“Feathered Serpent”
Legend – he wore a white mask and grew a beard because he thought he was ugly
Prophecy: He would someday return to reclaim his throne
La Malinche
Nahua woman
Became the mistress of Cortés
Gifted with languages
Became interpreter for Spaniards
“La Chingada”? (derogatory nationalist slur)
Hernán Cortés
Conquistador
Born 1485 in Spain
Son of minor noble
Studied law
Arrived in Hispaniola in 1503
Mayor of Santiago, Cuba in 1514
1519- led expedition to Mexican coast
Tenochtitlan
(image and discussion)
Tenochtitlan
Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Conquest of New Spain:
And when we saw all those towns and villages built in the water, and other great towns on dry land, and that straight and level causeway leading to Mexico, we were astounded. These great towns . . . and buildings rising from the water, all made of stone, seemed like an enchanted vision. . . . Indeed some of our soldiers asked whether it was not all a dream . . . It was all so wonderful that I do not know how to describe this first glimpse of things never heard of, seen, or dreamed of before.
Moctezuma II
Aztec king (“huey tlatoani”)
Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin
Led greatest expansion of Aztec Empire
Quetzalcoatl myth???
Timeline of Conquest
November 1519 – Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan
Cortés, troops, and allies stay in city for a few months
Leave to fight rival Spanish force (Pánfilo de Narváez)
Noche Triste (I July 1520)
La Noche Triste
(map and discussion)
Timeline of Conquest (cont.)
Cortés regroups in Tlaxcala
Returns with an army of thousands of native allies and Spanish troops
Smallpox epidemic, 1519-1520
Siege of Tenochtitlan
Fall of Tenochtitlan, 13 August 1521
(map and discussion)
Mississippian Culture
750 CE – 1500 CE
Maize-based agriculture
Hierarchical societies
Fragmented; many chiefdoms
Noted for ritual mounds
Trade networks extended across most of North America
Decline of Mississippian Cultures
Eurasian diseases
Horses – switch by some groups to nomadic lifestyles
Disruption of trade networks due to arrival of Europeans
Rise of new native confederations
Climate?
Inca Empire
Quechua – state language
1438-1533
20 million subjects at time of conquest
Parts of modern-day Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, and Colombia
Inca Empire - Origins
Manco Capac – first king of Cuzco – son of Sun god? ~ 1200 CE
1438 – Pachacuti – Sapa Inca (“Only Inca”)
Tupac Inca Yupanqui (1471-93 CE)
Huayna Capac (1493-1527 CE)
Inca Empire - Organization
Sapa Inca
Tawantinsuyu (“The Four Regions”)
Four corners met at Cuzco, the capital
Incan Line of Succession
Incas claimed divinity for their rulers – direct descendant of the sun
Sapa Inca married sister, who became Empress (Qolla)
Son of Sapa Inca and sister typically became next Sapa Inca
Incan Road-Communication System
14,000 miles of roads
Chasquis – state messengers
Tambos – state buildings/storehouses/way stations
Many roads and tambos still survive
Quipus
String-based accounting system
Base-10 system
Census, taxes, trade, harvests, military records
Some argue this was also a writing system, using digits to represent sounds or words
Largely undecoded beyond basic numbers
Francisco Pizarro
Conquistador
Born in Spain 1471?
From Extremadura
Son of minor noble
Second cousin of Cortés
Illegitimate child
Arrives in Hispaniola in 1502
Leads expeditions to Pacific coast of South America in 1520s
Smallpox
Smallpox epidemic hits Peru 1524-26
Millions die
Huyana Capac dies
Succession crisis – son of Qolla is Ninan Cuyochi, who also dies of smallpox
Civil war begins between sons Huascar and Atahualpa
Pizarro - 1532
Exploits Incan split
Holds Atahualpa hostage for ransom
Kills Atahualpa anyways
In power vacuum Pizarro proclaims Peru for Spain
Spanish “Economies of Exploitation”
Exploitation of labor (slavery, servitude)
Exploitation of resources for the benefit of Spanish crown
Encomienda system
Grant of Indians by Crown to encomenderos for a set period of time
Taxing power, labor obligations
Widespread abuses, near slavery
Portuguese - fazenda
Repartimiento system
Indians required to provide set number of days of labor per year
Mining, farming, public works
More abuses
Bartolomé de las Casas
1484-1566
Originally a conquistador
Became a Dominican priest
Wrote extensively on destruction of indigenous Americans
Black Legend?
Hacienda system
White elites granted tracts of land
Indians paid low wages
Forced to pay rent, buy supplies from hacendados
Debt peonage – economic slavery?
Flota system
Trade monopoly of the Spanish crown
Bullion to Spain
Trade products to the Americas
Regular routes protected by warships
PowerPoint Notes, 6-10-2008
Why Portugal?
Reconquista
Stable monarchy
Far removed from European warfare
Long Atlantic seacoast
Generation of fidalgos
Capture of Ceuta - 1415
(map and discussion)
Cape Bojador - 1434
Gil Eanes
Significance - Europeans believed that this was a point of no return (sea monsters)
Continuing Down the African Coast
Alvise Cadamosto
Venetian ship captain
1455 – Madeira and Canary Islands
1456 - Cape Verde Islands
Sailed 60 miles up Gambia River
Terra Nova do Bacalhau - 1472“New Land of the Codfish”
João Vaz Corte-Real
Newfoundland?
Congo – 1482-86
Diogo Cão
First European known to cross the Equator
(pictured) Padrão erected by Cão at the River Congo
Cabo da Boa Esperança 1487-88
“Cape of Good Hope”
Bartolomeu Dias
Original name: Cabo das Tormentas (“Cape of Storms”)
Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
Meridian line 1200 miles west of Cape Verde Islands
Lands to the east - Portugal
Lands to the west - Spain
Modified 1493 decree by Pope Alexander VI
Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
(map and discussion)
Vasco da Gama
First voyage: 1497-99
4 ships, 500 men
Arrival in Calicut: “We seek Christians and spices”
Legacy of Vasco da Gama
Made Portugal a dominant world power
New route to the East
Estado da India
Opened new era of European expansion
Portuguese Brazil
Pedro Álvares Cabral - 1500
(map and discussion)
Capitanias Hereditárias“Hereditary Captaincies”
Issued to Portuguese nobles
Attempt to colonize Brazil
Most were failures
Captaincy of Pernambuco
Growing and processing sugar
Rise of engenhos
Early center of trade and wealth
General Government - 1549
Portuguese recognized nobles could not develop Brazil
First capital - Salvador da Bahia
Slaves, minerals, and sugar
Sent Jesuit priests to convert indigenous peoples
Estado da India
Goa
1510 - captured by Portuguese under Afonso de Albuquerque
Center of Portuguese trade and imperial governance
Mughals (Mogals) versus Europeans?
Afonso de Albuquerque
Portuguese noble
Designed Portuguese strategy for dominance
Developed cartaz system
Carreira da India
“Indies Route”
Annual voyages between Goa and Lisbon
From Lisbon: European goods, soldiers, priests, and communiqués
From Goa: spices, gems, textiles, and communiqués
Sebastião I
1554-1578
King of Portugal
Pious
Dreamed of a new Crusade, invaded Morocco
Death? Legend?
Cardinal Henry of Portugal
Last heir to Portuguese throne
Ruled 1578-1580
Renounced offices, but Pope did not release him from vows
Next closest – Philip II of Spain
“Spanish Captivity”?
1580-1640- under Spanish domination
English and Dutch begin attacking Estado da India
Spain fails to adequately protect Estado
João I of Bragança
Dutch Empire
(map and discussion)
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
Formed in 1602 to profit from Dutch overseas expansion
First joint-stock company
First multinational corporation
Capital – Batavia
VOC could wage war, mint coinage, negotiate treaties
Investors?
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
Governor-General of Dutch East Indies
Eliminate middlemen – go to the source
Strong-arm tactics in dealing with native resistance
Anthony van Diemen
Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 1636-45
Improved Dutch monopolies on nutmeg, cinnamon, and cloves
Established Dutch presence on Ceylon
“Country trade”
Dutch Cape Colony
Founded 1647 after a shipwreck
Cape of Good Hope - 1652
Originally a supply station for Dutch ships to Indies
Became a destination for Calvinist settlers
Reconquista
Stable monarchy
Far removed from European warfare
Long Atlantic seacoast
Generation of fidalgos
Capture of Ceuta - 1415
(map and discussion)
Cape Bojador - 1434
Gil Eanes
Significance - Europeans believed that this was a point of no return (sea monsters)
Continuing Down the African Coast
Alvise Cadamosto
Venetian ship captain
1455 – Madeira and Canary Islands
1456 - Cape Verde Islands
Sailed 60 miles up Gambia River
Terra Nova do Bacalhau - 1472“New Land of the Codfish”
João Vaz Corte-Real
Newfoundland?
Congo – 1482-86
Diogo Cão
First European known to cross the Equator
(pictured) Padrão erected by Cão at the River Congo
Cabo da Boa Esperança 1487-88
“Cape of Good Hope”
Bartolomeu Dias
Original name: Cabo das Tormentas (“Cape of Storms”)
Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
Meridian line 1200 miles west of Cape Verde Islands
Lands to the east - Portugal
Lands to the west - Spain
Modified 1493 decree by Pope Alexander VI
Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
(map and discussion)
Vasco da Gama
First voyage: 1497-99
4 ships, 500 men
Arrival in Calicut: “We seek Christians and spices”
Legacy of Vasco da Gama
Made Portugal a dominant world power
New route to the East
Estado da India
Opened new era of European expansion
Portuguese Brazil
Pedro Álvares Cabral - 1500
(map and discussion)
Capitanias Hereditárias“Hereditary Captaincies”
Issued to Portuguese nobles
Attempt to colonize Brazil
Most were failures
Captaincy of Pernambuco
Growing and processing sugar
Rise of engenhos
Early center of trade and wealth
General Government - 1549
Portuguese recognized nobles could not develop Brazil
First capital - Salvador da Bahia
Slaves, minerals, and sugar
Sent Jesuit priests to convert indigenous peoples
Estado da India
Goa
1510 - captured by Portuguese under Afonso de Albuquerque
Center of Portuguese trade and imperial governance
Mughals (Mogals) versus Europeans?
Afonso de Albuquerque
Portuguese noble
Designed Portuguese strategy for dominance
Developed cartaz system
Carreira da India
“Indies Route”
Annual voyages between Goa and Lisbon
From Lisbon: European goods, soldiers, priests, and communiqués
From Goa: spices, gems, textiles, and communiqués
Sebastião I
1554-1578
King of Portugal
Pious
Dreamed of a new Crusade, invaded Morocco
Death? Legend?
Cardinal Henry of Portugal
Last heir to Portuguese throne
Ruled 1578-1580
Renounced offices, but Pope did not release him from vows
Next closest – Philip II of Spain
“Spanish Captivity”?
1580-1640- under Spanish domination
English and Dutch begin attacking Estado da India
Spain fails to adequately protect Estado
João I of Bragança
Dutch Empire
(map and discussion)
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
Formed in 1602 to profit from Dutch overseas expansion
First joint-stock company
First multinational corporation
Capital – Batavia
VOC could wage war, mint coinage, negotiate treaties
Investors?
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
Governor-General of Dutch East Indies
Eliminate middlemen – go to the source
Strong-arm tactics in dealing with native resistance
Anthony van Diemen
Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 1636-45
Improved Dutch monopolies on nutmeg, cinnamon, and cloves
Established Dutch presence on Ceylon
“Country trade”
Dutch Cape Colony
Founded 1647 after a shipwreck
Cape of Good Hope - 1652
Originally a supply station for Dutch ships to Indies
Became a destination for Calvinist settlers
PowerPoint Notes, 6-9-2008
Medieval Europe
Traditional Social Order:
Landed Nobility - those who fight on horseback
Clergy - those who pray
Peasants (and artisans) - those who work in fields and shops
Nobles
Large hereditary landholders or warrior knights
Two categories:
Higher: long-established large landholders
Lower: small landholders, descendants of minor knights
Nobles lived off labor of those who worked land
Clergy
regular clergy: orders of monks living in cloisters
secular clergy: lived and worked directly among laity
“First estate”: collected church taxes; under jurisdiction of church courts
Churches and monasteries exempt from secular taxation and law
Excommunication & interdiction
Growing resentment of clerical privileges
Merchants
New social group that rose with towns after 11th century
Traders, merchants, bankers
Often wealthy but possessed no land
Existence of merchants challenges the old order
Peasants
Lowest in social order
Could be free peasants or serfs
Little chance for upward mobility
Typically occupied in agriculture
Chartering of Towns
11th and 12th centuries: 5% of Europeans lived in towns
Most towns less than 1,000 people
Kings granted charters to form towns
concentrated skilled laborers who could manufacture finished goods
residents had more freedoms
Merchants formed protective associations or guilds to challenge lords
New Models of Government
12th century: old urban nobility (inherited wealth) began to merge with new burgher upper class (commercial wealth) aristocratic town council
guilds: protective associations of small artisans & craftspeople; gradually gained voice in government
Towns and Kings
Towns began to ally with kings against rural lords
Towns provided bureaucrats and lawyers who knew law and accounting
Town’s interest served by having king as protector against nobles
Jews in Christian Society
Jews attracted to towns (opportunity, safety)
Catholic Church forbid most interaction between Jews and Christians
Anti-Jewish sentiment:
Kings’ desire for Jewish wealth and property
Church’s determination to assert spiritual hegemony
Jealousy over successful Jews
Usury
Black Death
(image)
Yersinia pestis
(image)
Ecology of Bubonic Plague
(chart)
Forms of Plague
Bubonic – attacks lymph nodes after a flea bite
Pneumonic – Inhaled via droplets spread by infected person
Septicemic – Y. pestis enters bloodstream
Spread of Black Death
(map)
Black Death, 1332–1350
(map)
Conditions that made the plague worse:
Overpopulation and malnutrition, caused by:
agricultural improvements increase food supply; European population doubles, 1000–1300, outstripping food production
1315–1317: crop failures produce worst famine of Middle Ages
Movement to and growth of towns
Popular Plague Remedies
Flower bouquets and aromatic amulets
Temperance
Promiscuity
Escape or seclusion
Flagellants
Ring Around the Rosie?
Ring around the rosies, A pocketful of posies. Ashes, ashes. We all fall down.
No evidence for this theory
Effects of the Black Death
Economic consequences:
Labor shortages, rising wages for laborers and artisans
Decreased agricultural prices and increased prices for luxury items—noble landowners hardest hit
Freezing of wages and attempts to force peasants to stay on land led to peasant revolts
Cities and artisans benefit from the increased prices and demand for luxury goods
Political and social consequences:
Artisan guilds win political power
Kings take advantage of weakened nobility and clergy to centralize government.
Jews and foreigners persecuted
Art after the Plague
Funerary monuments and death masks become common
Ars moreiendi, or reflection of death and cadavers become major focus in art
Artwork included skeletons, cadavers and snakes
Overall air of pessimism, moralizing and escapism existed in art
Memento mori
Renaissance
Renaissance = “rebirth”
19th century term
Covers 1300-1525 (dates differ)
Often split into “Italian Renaissance” and “Northern Renaissance”
Scholasticism
Academic tradition
1000-1500
Logic-based
Attempt to reconcile classical Greek and Roman philosophies with Christian doctrine
Syllogism
All men are mortal.
Brooks is a man.
Therefore, Brooks is mortal.
All students carry backpacks.
My grandfather carries a backpack.
Therefore, my grandfather is a student.
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
(film clip: "Witch Village")
The Renaissance: “Rebirth” bridges Medieval and Modern Periods
Medieval Europe
(pre-12th century)
fragmented, feudal society
agricultural economy
church-dominated thought, culture
Scholasticism
Fit classical ideas into a Christian format
Renaissance Europe (post-14th century)
political centralization, national feelings
urban, commercial-capitalist economy
growing lay/secular control of thought & culture
Humanism
Valued the classics for what they said about life and individuals
Renaissance Art
Medieval art lifts the mind to God.
Renaissance art also used religious motifs but saw subjects with human emotions in natural settings.
Use of linear perspective, dimension, symmetry, proportion and shading makes subjects more lifelike.
Giotto di Bondone (1266-1336)
Recognized as the “father of Renaissance painting”
The Mourning of Christ, 1305 from the Capella dell Arena in Padua
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Name the turtles
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Woman with an Ermine 1485-1490
Scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, poet and writer.
Donatello (1386-1466)
Renaissance sculptor
Feast of Herod c. 1425 from a baptistry in Siena, Italy
Rafael (1483-1520)
Raffaello Sanzio, painter and architect
Bindo Altoviti c.1515
Michaelangelo (1475-1564)
Painter and sculptor
Renowned for his statue of David and his frescoes in the Vatican.
“Pieta” c.1498-1500 in St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome.
The only work Michaelangelo ever signed.
Humanism
Rebirth of interest in Greek and Roman classics with hope of reviving ancient values
Period of individualism and “universal man”
Celebrated of dignity of humankind and virtue
Pride in individual achievement
Italian humanists sought manuscript collections, making classics available to scholars
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
Scholar and poet
Considered “father of humanism”
His “Song Book” was letters and poetry to a woman called Laura
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
Florentine poet
Most famous work was “The Divine Comedy” c.1290-1321
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)
Author of “The Decameron” a collection of 100 stories told by ten people as they wait for the plague to end
Social commentary on human behavior and the times.
Revival of Greek Studies
Educational reforms guided by ideals of useful education and a well-rounded person
Florentine “Academy” was not a formal school, but a gathering of Florentine humanists devoted to Plato (Neoplatonists)
Platonism: view of human reason as part of ideal (eternal) world, versus real (perishable) world; human freedom
The Italian City-States
Italian city-states did not follow rise of nation-state.
Five major city-states operating on various styles of government.
Milan – Duchy
Florence – Republic with severe class divisions.
Venice – Republic ruled by merchant oligarchy
Naples – Kingdom
Papal States
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)
Italian political unity and independence were ends justifying any means
Only a strongman could impose order
Virtù - ability to act heroically and decisively for one’s country
The Prince (1513): temporary use of fraud and brutality OK to achieve unity
Revival of Monarchy
Divided feudal monarchies became unified national monarchies
Rise of towns and alliance of merchants and kings weakened feudal society
Sovereign states had powers to collect taxes, make war, and enforce laws
Standing armies replaced feudal knights
Cost of wars and armies required revenue
France
Factors that helped France become a nation in 15th c.:
Removal of English from French soil after 1453
Defeat of Charles the Bold of Burgundy
Charles VII (r.1422-1461) and Louis XI (r.1461-1483) doubled territory under their rule
Croissants
Spain
Factors that helped Spain become a nation:
The marriage of Isabella of Castile to Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469
Marriage unified the nation’s borders
Brought Spanish church under state control
Reconquista - 1492
England
War of the Roses (1455-1485) between houses of Lancaster (Red Rose) and York (White Rose): fought for English throne.
Richard III (r.1483-1485) defeated at Bosworth
Henry VII (r.1485-1509) established Tudor dynasty. Granddaughter, Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603)
Henry VII established the Court of Star Chamber (1487-1641)
Portugal
Factors advancing creation of Portugal:
First major European state to unify (1128)
Completed Reconquista by 1249
Religious unity
House of Avis
Northern Renaissance
Hubert van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece “The Adoration of the Lamb”, painted 1432
The Northern Renaissance
Northern humanists: more interested in religious reform and educating laity
Printing press with movable type: Johann Gutenberg in Mainz in 15th century
Rise of schools, literacy, and invention of cheap paper
By 1500, printing presses operating in more than 200 cities in Europe
Rulers in both church and state now had to deal with a more educated, critical public
Powerful tool of religious/political propaganda
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
He wrote The Praise of Folly and On Free Will.
His works were included on Church’s list of prohibited works
Luther and Erasmus differed on the subject of free will.\
Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)
Friend of Erasmus and author of Utopia
Chancellor of England
Refused to accept the Act of Supremacy and marriage to Anne Boleyn
Convicted of treason and hanged
Beatified in 1886 and canonized in 1935
Age of European Expansion (aka “Age of Discovery”)
Traditional Interpretation - Columbus
Prince Henry the Navigator
1394-1460
Son of Portuguese king
Sponsored voyages of discovery
Set up court at Sagres, attracted sailors, scientists, merchants
Motivations of Prince Henry
God
Gold
Glory
Spices
Prester John
Prester John of the Indies
(images and discussion)
Crusades and Prester John
Otto of Freising – Chronicle, 1143
Prester John and Marco Polo
Sir John Mandeville and Prester John
Zar’a Yakob - Ethiopia
Prester John – 1683 engraving
European Expansion and Technological Innovations
(images and discussion)
Mariner’s Astrolabe
Portolan charts (Portolani)
Cannon
Caravel (Caravela, Carrack)
Não
Maritime Insurance
Why Portugal?
Reconquista
Stable monarchy
Far removed from European warfare
Long Atlantic seacoast
Generation of fidalgos
Portuguese Empire
(map)
Capture of Ceuta - 1415
(map; discussion)
Cape Bojador - 1434
Gil Eanes
Significance - Europeans believed that this was a point of no return (sea monsters)
Continuing Down the African Coast
Alvise Cadamosto
Venetian ship captain
1455 – Madeira and Canary Islands
1456 - Cape Verde Islands
Sailed 60 miles up Gambia River
Terra Nova do Bacalhau - 1472“New Land of the Codfish”
João Vaz Corte-Real
Newfoundland?
Congo – 1482-86
Diogo Cão
First European known to cross the Equator
(pictured) Padrão erected by Cão at the River Congo
Cabo da Boa Esperança 1487-88
“Cape of Good Hope”
Bartolomeu Dias
Original name: Cabo das Tormentas (“Cape of Storms”)
Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
Meridian line 1200 miles west of Cape Verde Islands
Lands to the east - Portugal
Lands to the west - Spain
Modified 1493 decree by Pope Alexander VI
Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
(map)
Vasco da Gama
First voyage: 1497-99
4 ships, 500 men
Arrival in Calicut: “We seek Christians and spices”
Legacy of Vasco da Gama
Made Portugal a dominant world power
New route to the East
Estado da India
Opened new era of European expansion
Real Legacy of Columbus?
(images and discussions)
Columbian Exchange
Continental connections
Continental isolation
Biological advantages
16th century Aztec depiction
Types of immunity
Acquired
Antibodies from mother
Vaccinations
Antibodies produced from infection
Innate
Inherited immunity
Genetic adaptation (sickle cell)
American indigenous population decline
(chart and discussion)
Epidemics and social destruction
Initial wave of death
Death of caregivers
Death of agriculturalists
Breakdown in family structures
Breakdown in social structures
Decline in existing faith systems
Abenaki, 17th century
From Old World to New World
Rats
Horses, cattle, sheep
Weeds
Wheat, rye, rice
Diseases
From New World to Old World
Maize
Turkeys
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Llamas
Guinea pigs
Tobacco
Coca
Syphilis controversy
Biological Warfare, Genocide, or Natural Selection?
(discussion of Columbian Exchange)
Why a Transatlantic Slave Trade?
Columbian Exchange
Growth of labor-intensive industries (mining, sugar, tobacco, cotton)
Labor shortages
Profit
Triangular trade
Myths about Transatlantic Slavery
Europeans captured Africans in jungles
Blacks never owned slaves
Slavery was always based on race
Most slaves were imported into what is now the United States
African slaves were brainwashed and stunned into submission and rarely resisted slavery
Slavery is a product of capitalism
The Middle Passage was the deadliest part of slave trade
Maps and Charts of:
Origin of Slaves
Origin of Slaves
Destination of Slaves
Mortality Rates of Slave Trade
Slave Resistance
Triangular Trade
Triangular Trade
Legacies of Slavery
Racism
Underdevelopment of Africa
Reparations
Traditional Social Order:
Landed Nobility - those who fight on horseback
Clergy - those who pray
Peasants (and artisans) - those who work in fields and shops
Nobles
Large hereditary landholders or warrior knights
Two categories:
Higher: long-established large landholders
Lower: small landholders, descendants of minor knights
Nobles lived off labor of those who worked land
Clergy
regular clergy: orders of monks living in cloisters
secular clergy: lived and worked directly among laity
“First estate”: collected church taxes; under jurisdiction of church courts
Churches and monasteries exempt from secular taxation and law
Excommunication & interdiction
Growing resentment of clerical privileges
Merchants
New social group that rose with towns after 11th century
Traders, merchants, bankers
Often wealthy but possessed no land
Existence of merchants challenges the old order
Peasants
Lowest in social order
Could be free peasants or serfs
Little chance for upward mobility
Typically occupied in agriculture
Chartering of Towns
11th and 12th centuries: 5% of Europeans lived in towns
Most towns less than 1,000 people
Kings granted charters to form towns
concentrated skilled laborers who could manufacture finished goods
residents had more freedoms
Merchants formed protective associations or guilds to challenge lords
New Models of Government
12th century: old urban nobility (inherited wealth) began to merge with new burgher upper class (commercial wealth) aristocratic town council
guilds: protective associations of small artisans & craftspeople; gradually gained voice in government
Towns and Kings
Towns began to ally with kings against rural lords
Towns provided bureaucrats and lawyers who knew law and accounting
Town’s interest served by having king as protector against nobles
Jews in Christian Society
Jews attracted to towns (opportunity, safety)
Catholic Church forbid most interaction between Jews and Christians
Anti-Jewish sentiment:
Kings’ desire for Jewish wealth and property
Church’s determination to assert spiritual hegemony
Jealousy over successful Jews
Usury
Black Death
(image)
Yersinia pestis
(image)
Ecology of Bubonic Plague
(chart)
Forms of Plague
Bubonic – attacks lymph nodes after a flea bite
Pneumonic – Inhaled via droplets spread by infected person
Septicemic – Y. pestis enters bloodstream
Spread of Black Death
(map)
Black Death, 1332–1350
(map)
Conditions that made the plague worse:
Overpopulation and malnutrition, caused by:
agricultural improvements increase food supply; European population doubles, 1000–1300, outstripping food production
1315–1317: crop failures produce worst famine of Middle Ages
Movement to and growth of towns
Popular Plague Remedies
Flower bouquets and aromatic amulets
Temperance
Promiscuity
Escape or seclusion
Flagellants
Ring Around the Rosie?
Ring around the rosies, A pocketful of posies. Ashes, ashes. We all fall down.
No evidence for this theory
Effects of the Black Death
Economic consequences:
Labor shortages, rising wages for laborers and artisans
Decreased agricultural prices and increased prices for luxury items—noble landowners hardest hit
Freezing of wages and attempts to force peasants to stay on land led to peasant revolts
Cities and artisans benefit from the increased prices and demand for luxury goods
Political and social consequences:
Artisan guilds win political power
Kings take advantage of weakened nobility and clergy to centralize government.
Jews and foreigners persecuted
Art after the Plague
Funerary monuments and death masks become common
Ars moreiendi, or reflection of death and cadavers become major focus in art
Artwork included skeletons, cadavers and snakes
Overall air of pessimism, moralizing and escapism existed in art
Memento mori
Renaissance
Renaissance = “rebirth”
19th century term
Covers 1300-1525 (dates differ)
Often split into “Italian Renaissance” and “Northern Renaissance”
Scholasticism
Academic tradition
1000-1500
Logic-based
Attempt to reconcile classical Greek and Roman philosophies with Christian doctrine
Syllogism
All men are mortal.
Brooks is a man.
Therefore, Brooks is mortal.
All students carry backpacks.
My grandfather carries a backpack.
Therefore, my grandfather is a student.
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
(film clip: "Witch Village")
The Renaissance: “Rebirth” bridges Medieval and Modern Periods
Medieval Europe
(pre-12th century)
fragmented, feudal society
agricultural economy
church-dominated thought, culture
Scholasticism
Fit classical ideas into a Christian format
Renaissance Europe (post-14th century)
political centralization, national feelings
urban, commercial-capitalist economy
growing lay/secular control of thought & culture
Humanism
Valued the classics for what they said about life and individuals
Renaissance Art
Medieval art lifts the mind to God.
Renaissance art also used religious motifs but saw subjects with human emotions in natural settings.
Use of linear perspective, dimension, symmetry, proportion and shading makes subjects more lifelike.
Giotto di Bondone (1266-1336)
Recognized as the “father of Renaissance painting”
The Mourning of Christ, 1305 from the Capella dell Arena in Padua
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Name the turtles
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Woman with an Ermine 1485-1490
Scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, poet and writer.
Donatello (1386-1466)
Renaissance sculptor
Feast of Herod c. 1425 from a baptistry in Siena, Italy
Rafael (1483-1520)
Raffaello Sanzio, painter and architect
Bindo Altoviti c.1515
Michaelangelo (1475-1564)
Painter and sculptor
Renowned for his statue of David and his frescoes in the Vatican.
“Pieta” c.1498-1500 in St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome.
The only work Michaelangelo ever signed.
Humanism
Rebirth of interest in Greek and Roman classics with hope of reviving ancient values
Period of individualism and “universal man”
Celebrated of dignity of humankind and virtue
Pride in individual achievement
Italian humanists sought manuscript collections, making classics available to scholars
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
Scholar and poet
Considered “father of humanism”
His “Song Book” was letters and poetry to a woman called Laura
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
Florentine poet
Most famous work was “The Divine Comedy” c.1290-1321
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)
Author of “The Decameron” a collection of 100 stories told by ten people as they wait for the plague to end
Social commentary on human behavior and the times.
Revival of Greek Studies
Educational reforms guided by ideals of useful education and a well-rounded person
Florentine “Academy” was not a formal school, but a gathering of Florentine humanists devoted to Plato (Neoplatonists)
Platonism: view of human reason as part of ideal (eternal) world, versus real (perishable) world; human freedom
The Italian City-States
Italian city-states did not follow rise of nation-state.
Five major city-states operating on various styles of government.
Milan – Duchy
Florence – Republic with severe class divisions.
Venice – Republic ruled by merchant oligarchy
Naples – Kingdom
Papal States
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)
Italian political unity and independence were ends justifying any means
Only a strongman could impose order
Virtù - ability to act heroically and decisively for one’s country
The Prince (1513): temporary use of fraud and brutality OK to achieve unity
Revival of Monarchy
Divided feudal monarchies became unified national monarchies
Rise of towns and alliance of merchants and kings weakened feudal society
Sovereign states had powers to collect taxes, make war, and enforce laws
Standing armies replaced feudal knights
Cost of wars and armies required revenue
France
Factors that helped France become a nation in 15th c.:
Removal of English from French soil after 1453
Defeat of Charles the Bold of Burgundy
Charles VII (r.1422-1461) and Louis XI (r.1461-1483) doubled territory under their rule
Croissants
Spain
Factors that helped Spain become a nation:
The marriage of Isabella of Castile to Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469
Marriage unified the nation’s borders
Brought Spanish church under state control
Reconquista - 1492
England
War of the Roses (1455-1485) between houses of Lancaster (Red Rose) and York (White Rose): fought for English throne.
Richard III (r.1483-1485) defeated at Bosworth
Henry VII (r.1485-1509) established Tudor dynasty. Granddaughter, Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603)
Henry VII established the Court of Star Chamber (1487-1641)
Portugal
Factors advancing creation of Portugal:
First major European state to unify (1128)
Completed Reconquista by 1249
Religious unity
House of Avis
Northern Renaissance
Hubert van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece “The Adoration of the Lamb”, painted 1432
The Northern Renaissance
Northern humanists: more interested in religious reform and educating laity
Printing press with movable type: Johann Gutenberg in Mainz in 15th century
Rise of schools, literacy, and invention of cheap paper
By 1500, printing presses operating in more than 200 cities in Europe
Rulers in both church and state now had to deal with a more educated, critical public
Powerful tool of religious/political propaganda
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
He wrote The Praise of Folly and On Free Will.
His works were included on Church’s list of prohibited works
Luther and Erasmus differed on the subject of free will.\
Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)
Friend of Erasmus and author of Utopia
Chancellor of England
Refused to accept the Act of Supremacy and marriage to Anne Boleyn
Convicted of treason and hanged
Beatified in 1886 and canonized in 1935
Age of European Expansion (aka “Age of Discovery”)
Traditional Interpretation - Columbus
Prince Henry the Navigator
1394-1460
Son of Portuguese king
Sponsored voyages of discovery
Set up court at Sagres, attracted sailors, scientists, merchants
Motivations of Prince Henry
God
Gold
Glory
Spices
Prester John
Prester John of the Indies
(images and discussion)
Crusades and Prester John
Otto of Freising – Chronicle, 1143
Prester John and Marco Polo
Sir John Mandeville and Prester John
Zar’a Yakob - Ethiopia
Prester John – 1683 engraving
European Expansion and Technological Innovations
(images and discussion)
Mariner’s Astrolabe
Portolan charts (Portolani)
Cannon
Caravel (Caravela, Carrack)
Não
Maritime Insurance
Why Portugal?
Reconquista
Stable monarchy
Far removed from European warfare
Long Atlantic seacoast
Generation of fidalgos
Portuguese Empire
(map)
Capture of Ceuta - 1415
(map; discussion)
Cape Bojador - 1434
Gil Eanes
Significance - Europeans believed that this was a point of no return (sea monsters)
Continuing Down the African Coast
Alvise Cadamosto
Venetian ship captain
1455 – Madeira and Canary Islands
1456 - Cape Verde Islands
Sailed 60 miles up Gambia River
Terra Nova do Bacalhau - 1472“New Land of the Codfish”
João Vaz Corte-Real
Newfoundland?
Congo – 1482-86
Diogo Cão
First European known to cross the Equator
(pictured) Padrão erected by Cão at the River Congo
Cabo da Boa Esperança 1487-88
“Cape of Good Hope”
Bartolomeu Dias
Original name: Cabo das Tormentas (“Cape of Storms”)
Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
Meridian line 1200 miles west of Cape Verde Islands
Lands to the east - Portugal
Lands to the west - Spain
Modified 1493 decree by Pope Alexander VI
Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
(map)
Vasco da Gama
First voyage: 1497-99
4 ships, 500 men
Arrival in Calicut: “We seek Christians and spices”
Legacy of Vasco da Gama
Made Portugal a dominant world power
New route to the East
Estado da India
Opened new era of European expansion
Real Legacy of Columbus?
(images and discussions)
Columbian Exchange
Continental connections
Continental isolation
Biological advantages
16th century Aztec depiction
Types of immunity
Acquired
Antibodies from mother
Vaccinations
Antibodies produced from infection
Innate
Inherited immunity
Genetic adaptation (sickle cell)
American indigenous population decline
(chart and discussion)
Epidemics and social destruction
Initial wave of death
Death of caregivers
Death of agriculturalists
Breakdown in family structures
Breakdown in social structures
Decline in existing faith systems
Abenaki, 17th century
From Old World to New World
Rats
Horses, cattle, sheep
Weeds
Wheat, rye, rice
Diseases
From New World to Old World
Maize
Turkeys
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Llamas
Guinea pigs
Tobacco
Coca
Syphilis controversy
Biological Warfare, Genocide, or Natural Selection?
(discussion of Columbian Exchange)
Why a Transatlantic Slave Trade?
Columbian Exchange
Growth of labor-intensive industries (mining, sugar, tobacco, cotton)
Labor shortages
Profit
Triangular trade
Myths about Transatlantic Slavery
Europeans captured Africans in jungles
Blacks never owned slaves
Slavery was always based on race
Most slaves were imported into what is now the United States
African slaves were brainwashed and stunned into submission and rarely resisted slavery
Slavery is a product of capitalism
The Middle Passage was the deadliest part of slave trade
Maps and Charts of:
Origin of Slaves
Origin of Slaves
Destination of Slaves
Mortality Rates of Slave Trade
Slave Resistance
Triangular Trade
Triangular Trade
Legacies of Slavery
Racism
Underdevelopment of Africa
Reparations
Tuesday, June 3, 2008
PowerPoint Notes, 06-02-2008
Statistics about Islam
Over 1 billion Muslims worldwide
Only Christianity has more worldwide adherents than Islam
Indonesia is the country with largest number of Muslim believers
Fifty countries worldwide are more than 50% Muslim
Mohammad (CE 570-632)
Born in Mecca
Adopted monotheistic beliefs
610 CE - Received first revelation from angel Gabriel
622 CE - Mohammed and followers fled to Medina
Establishment of a community based on faith rather than clan
Conquered Mecca and cleansed Ka'ba of idols
Buried in Medina in 632 CE
Declared to be the prophet of God
Ka’ba (Kaaba)
Islam’s holiest site
Built around a black stone (meteorite?)
Once white, turned black because of man’s sins?
Five Pillars of Islamic faith
1. Confession ("Shahadah"): "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammed is the prophet of Allah."
2. Prayers ("Salah"): Five times each day, Muslims kneel and bow toward Mecca
3. Alms ("Zakah"): 1/40th of income must be given to the poor, widows, orphans, travelers, and debtors
4. Ramadan: a month of fasting ("Sawm") during daylight hours (remembering the Hegira)
5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca (if possible, at least once in a lifetime)
Rise of the Islamic Empire
Following Mohammad's example, Islam spread through military might and righteous leaders
Caliphs united, producing a standard Koran text and destroying all other copies
Within two centuries, controlled most of Mediterranean and far into the East.
Rise of the Islamic Empire
(map, dscussion)
Furthest Extent of Islamic Empire
(map)
Sunni and Shi’a
Boils down to the “Hadith of the Two Weighty Things”
“I am leaving among you something which is very important and should be followed, you will not go astray if you get hold of it after I am gone, one part of it being more important than the other: Allah's Book, which is a rope stretched from Heaven to Earth, and my close relatives (Ahl al-Bayt), who belong to my household. These two will not separate from one another till they come down to the reservoir, so consider how you act regarding them after my departure."
Sunni and Shi’a
Differences on interpretation of phrase "Ahl al-Bayt"
Cultural Influences on Islamic Civilization
Arabic – foundation of religion and earliest converts
Persian – society with long history that influenced Islamic world after conversion
Turkic/Mongol – contact with nomadic peoples led to new centers of faith and further expansion
Seljuk Dynasty
1037-1307 CE
Originated in Central Asia
Fighting spirit to Islam?
Seljuk Turks, 1187
(map)
ODD QUOTE OF DAY
I was going to conquer the world, but I got distracted by something sparkly
Byzantine Empire, 566 CE
(map)
Justinian I
Ruled 527-565
“Last Roman Emperor”?
Briefly reunited much of Roman Empire
1,500 cities
Corpus Juris Civilis
Corpus Juris Civilis
Christianity state religion
Heresy a crime
Anti-Jewish laws
Absolute powers to emperor
Influential throughout Middle Ages
Plague of Justinian?
541-42 CE
Mortality rates up to 40 percent in some cities
Recurred between 541 and 700 CE
Europe’s population decreased by 50 percent by 700 CE
Bubonic plague?
Procopius, 542 CE
But on the same day … a bubonic swelling developed; and this took place not only in the particular part of the body which is called boubon, that is, "below the abdomen," but also inside the armpit, and in some cases also beside the ears, and at different points on the thighs.
Byzantine Society
Emperor
Patriarch
Upper class: generals, aristocrats, large landowners
Middle class: merchants, smaller landowners
Lower class: peasants, slaves
Byzantine Empire, 1025 CE
Byzantine Empire, 1180 CE
Byzantine Empire, 1400 CE
(three comparative maps)
Over 1 billion Muslims worldwide
Only Christianity has more worldwide adherents than Islam
Indonesia is the country with largest number of Muslim believers
Fifty countries worldwide are more than 50% Muslim
Mohammad (CE 570-632)
Born in Mecca
Adopted monotheistic beliefs
610 CE - Received first revelation from angel Gabriel
622 CE - Mohammed and followers fled to Medina
Establishment of a community based on faith rather than clan
Conquered Mecca and cleansed Ka'ba of idols
Buried in Medina in 632 CE
Declared to be the prophet of God
Ka’ba (Kaaba)
Islam’s holiest site
Built around a black stone (meteorite?)
Once white, turned black because of man’s sins?
Five Pillars of Islamic faith
1. Confession ("Shahadah"): "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammed is the prophet of Allah."
2. Prayers ("Salah"): Five times each day, Muslims kneel and bow toward Mecca
3. Alms ("Zakah"): 1/40th of income must be given to the poor, widows, orphans, travelers, and debtors
4. Ramadan: a month of fasting ("Sawm") during daylight hours (remembering the Hegira)
5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca (if possible, at least once in a lifetime)
Rise of the Islamic Empire
Following Mohammad's example, Islam spread through military might and righteous leaders
Caliphs united, producing a standard Koran text and destroying all other copies
Within two centuries, controlled most of Mediterranean and far into the East.
Rise of the Islamic Empire
(map, dscussion)
Furthest Extent of Islamic Empire
(map)
Sunni and Shi’a
Boils down to the “Hadith of the Two Weighty Things”
“I am leaving among you something which is very important and should be followed, you will not go astray if you get hold of it after I am gone, one part of it being more important than the other: Allah's Book, which is a rope stretched from Heaven to Earth, and my close relatives (Ahl al-Bayt), who belong to my household. These two will not separate from one another till they come down to the reservoir, so consider how you act regarding them after my departure."
Sunni and Shi’a
Differences on interpretation of phrase "Ahl al-Bayt"
Cultural Influences on Islamic Civilization
Arabic – foundation of religion and earliest converts
Persian – society with long history that influenced Islamic world after conversion
Turkic/Mongol – contact with nomadic peoples led to new centers of faith and further expansion
Seljuk Dynasty
1037-1307 CE
Originated in Central Asia
Fighting spirit to Islam?
Seljuk Turks, 1187
(map)
ODD QUOTE OF DAY
I was going to conquer the world, but I got distracted by something sparkly
Byzantine Empire, 566 CE
(map)
Justinian I
Ruled 527-565
“Last Roman Emperor”?
Briefly reunited much of Roman Empire
1,500 cities
Corpus Juris Civilis
Corpus Juris Civilis
Christianity state religion
Heresy a crime
Anti-Jewish laws
Absolute powers to emperor
Influential throughout Middle Ages
Plague of Justinian?
541-42 CE
Mortality rates up to 40 percent in some cities
Recurred between 541 and 700 CE
Europe’s population decreased by 50 percent by 700 CE
Bubonic plague?
Procopius, 542 CE
But on the same day … a bubonic swelling developed; and this took place not only in the particular part of the body which is called boubon, that is, "below the abdomen," but also inside the armpit, and in some cases also beside the ears, and at different points on the thighs.
Byzantine Society
Emperor
Patriarch
Upper class: generals, aristocrats, large landowners
Middle class: merchants, smaller landowners
Lower class: peasants, slaves
Byzantine Empire, 1025 CE
Byzantine Empire, 1180 CE
Byzantine Empire, 1400 CE
(three comparative maps)
Saturday, May 31, 2008
PowerPoint Notes, 5-26 and 5-27
Geography of East Asia
Seas
Yellow River (Huag He)
Yangtze River
Pearl River (Zhu Jiang)
Mekong River
Tibetan Plateau
Gobi Desert
Lake Baikal
Chinese Dynasties
Qin: 256-208 BCE
Former Han: 208 BCE- 8 CE
Later Han: 25 CE – 220 CE
Jin period: 220-420 CE (split into three kingdoms)
Northern and Southern Dynasties: 420-589
Sui: 589-618 CE
Tang: 618-907 CE
Song: 960-1279 CE
Yuan: 1279-1368 CE
Qin Dynasty 256-208 BCE
Legalistic focus
Standardized law codes
Standardized writing system
Unified coinage and measures
Persecuted Confucians, burned Confucian texts
Began building Great Wall
Great Wall of China
Over 4,000 miles in length
20-30 feet wide
Designed to defend against invading armies
Longest human-made structure
Qin used rammed earth and stone to build Wall
Rebuilt, expanded, and improved by later emperors
Former Han: 208 BCE- 8 CE
Shift from Legalistic to Confucian focus
Most territorial growth under Emperor Wudi
Extended into Korea, Siberia, and Vietnam
Arts, literature, architecture flourished in this period
Development of the Silk Road
Silk Road
Complex network of land and sea routes
“Silk Road” is a modern term
Served to link China with Greek and Roman Empires
Culture and technology spread along with trade
Later Han (Eastern Han): 25 CE – 220 CE
Former Han reign disrupted by Wang Mang
Han dynasty restored by Emperor Guangwu
Land reforms, including privatization
Abolition of slavery
The Confucian Dynastic Cycle
Attempt by Chinese historians to explain rise and fall of dynasties
Internal struggles
Unification by strong leader (“Mandate of Heaven”)
Good government (wise, righteous rulers)
Period of decline (neglectful rulers)
Period of collapse (lose Mandate of Heaven)
Chinese Dynasties
Qin: 256-208 BCE
Former Han: 208 BCE- 8 CE
Later Han: 25 CE – 220 CE
Jin period: 220-420 CE (split into three kingdoms)
Northern and Southern Dynasties: 420-589
Sui: 589-618 CE
Tang: 618-907 CE
Song: 960-1279 CE
Yuan: 1279-1368 CE
Later Han (Eastern Han): 25 CE – 220 CE
Former Han reign disrupted by Wang Mang
Han dynasty restored by Emperor Guangwu
Land reforms, including privatization
Abolition of slavery
The Confucian Dynastic Cycle
Attempt by Chinese historians to explain rise and fall of dynasties
Internal struggles
Unification by strong leader (“Mandate of Heaven”)
Good government (wise, righteous rulers)
Period of decline (neglectful rulers)
Period of collapse (lose Mandate of Heaven)
Jin Period, 220-420 CE
Northern and Southern Dynasties, 420-589
Even greater strife and civil war
As many as eight separate groups competing for power
Spread of Buddhism and Daoism during this period
Arts and sciences flourished
Sui Dynasty, 589-618 CE
Reunified Chinese empire
High taxes, heavy labor demands
Began work on Grand Canal
Improved Great Wall
Tang Dynasty, 618-907 CE
“Golden Age” of Chinese culture
Civil service with standard examinations
Technological advances: woodblock printing, gear-driven clock, hydraulic pumps
Revised legal code
Empress Wu Zetian
15-year reign interrupted Tang dynasty
Only woman to assume imperial throne
Maintained power through secret police, political assassinations
Deposed own son to reach throne
Former concubine of previous emperor
Song Dynasty, 960-1279 CE
First use of standing navy by Chinese
Agricultural revolution led to a doubling of population during Song
Perfection and implementation of gunpowder in wide range of weapons
Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 CE
Founded by Mongol, Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan)
One of the shortest dynasties
Noteworthy for exchange of Eastern and Western culture
Part of larger Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire
Geography of Japan
Japan – 4 main islands
Honshū
Hokkaidō
Kyūshū
Shikoku
Japan – quick facts
3,000 islands total
Largest 4 – 97% of land mass
Today – 128 million people
Tokyo metro – 30 million
Much land ill-suited for agriculture
Japan – Early History
Main islands populated at least 30,000 BCE
Written records (China) from 1st century CE
Japanese adopted Chinese written characters (kanji) 4th to 6th century CE
Kana – 9th century
Shinto; Buddhism
Feudal Japanese Society
Samurai
Peasant farmers
Trades people
Merchants
Eta or burakumin (outcasts)
Samurai
“To serve”
Originally a warrior class
Subservient to daimyo
Gradually became state administrators, or ronin
Daimyo
“Great name"
Military and police powers
Controlled huge tracts of land
Shogun
“Military commander,” “general”
sei-i taishōgun
Some shoguns became de facto rulers of Japan
Korean Peninsula
Korea – quick facts
Divided into North and South Korea, 1948
Population – North 23 million, South 49 million
Korea – early history
Human habitation for tens of thousands of years
Japan and China – repeated invasions
Distinct language, very different from Chinese and Japanese
Hangul script replaced Chinese-based hanja
Choson (Joseon) Era
Hereditary kingship
Buddhism, Confucianism
Rigid social hierarchy
Choson Hierarchy
King
Yangban (aristocrats)
Chungin (bureaucrats)
Sangmin (peasants, workers)
Cheonmin (slaves, outcasts)
Modern Southeast Asia
(map)
Modern Southeast Asian Peoples
Thai
Khmer
Mon
Karen
Viet
Lao
Hmong
Champa
Malay
Influences on Southeast Asia
Chinese civilization (Confucianism)
Indian civilization (Buddhism)
Islamic traders
Europeans (Christianity)
Film – Introduction to China
Seas
Yellow River (Huag He)
Yangtze River
Pearl River (Zhu Jiang)
Mekong River
Tibetan Plateau
Gobi Desert
Lake Baikal
Chinese Dynasties
Qin: 256-208 BCE
Former Han: 208 BCE- 8 CE
Later Han: 25 CE – 220 CE
Jin period: 220-420 CE (split into three kingdoms)
Northern and Southern Dynasties: 420-589
Sui: 589-618 CE
Tang: 618-907 CE
Song: 960-1279 CE
Yuan: 1279-1368 CE
Qin Dynasty 256-208 BCE
Legalistic focus
Standardized law codes
Standardized writing system
Unified coinage and measures
Persecuted Confucians, burned Confucian texts
Began building Great Wall
Great Wall of China
Over 4,000 miles in length
20-30 feet wide
Designed to defend against invading armies
Longest human-made structure
Qin used rammed earth and stone to build Wall
Rebuilt, expanded, and improved by later emperors
Former Han: 208 BCE- 8 CE
Shift from Legalistic to Confucian focus
Most territorial growth under Emperor Wudi
Extended into Korea, Siberia, and Vietnam
Arts, literature, architecture flourished in this period
Development of the Silk Road
Silk Road
Complex network of land and sea routes
“Silk Road” is a modern term
Served to link China with Greek and Roman Empires
Culture and technology spread along with trade
Later Han (Eastern Han): 25 CE – 220 CE
Former Han reign disrupted by Wang Mang
Han dynasty restored by Emperor Guangwu
Land reforms, including privatization
Abolition of slavery
The Confucian Dynastic Cycle
Attempt by Chinese historians to explain rise and fall of dynasties
Internal struggles
Unification by strong leader (“Mandate of Heaven”)
Good government (wise, righteous rulers)
Period of decline (neglectful rulers)
Period of collapse (lose Mandate of Heaven)
Chinese Dynasties
Qin: 256-208 BCE
Former Han: 208 BCE- 8 CE
Later Han: 25 CE – 220 CE
Jin period: 220-420 CE (split into three kingdoms)
Northern and Southern Dynasties: 420-589
Sui: 589-618 CE
Tang: 618-907 CE
Song: 960-1279 CE
Yuan: 1279-1368 CE
Later Han (Eastern Han): 25 CE – 220 CE
Former Han reign disrupted by Wang Mang
Han dynasty restored by Emperor Guangwu
Land reforms, including privatization
Abolition of slavery
The Confucian Dynastic Cycle
Attempt by Chinese historians to explain rise and fall of dynasties
Internal struggles
Unification by strong leader (“Mandate of Heaven”)
Good government (wise, righteous rulers)
Period of decline (neglectful rulers)
Period of collapse (lose Mandate of Heaven)
Jin Period, 220-420 CE
Northern and Southern Dynasties, 420-589
Even greater strife and civil war
As many as eight separate groups competing for power
Spread of Buddhism and Daoism during this period
Arts and sciences flourished
Sui Dynasty, 589-618 CE
Reunified Chinese empire
High taxes, heavy labor demands
Began work on Grand Canal
Improved Great Wall
Tang Dynasty, 618-907 CE
“Golden Age” of Chinese culture
Civil service with standard examinations
Technological advances: woodblock printing, gear-driven clock, hydraulic pumps
Revised legal code
Empress Wu Zetian
15-year reign interrupted Tang dynasty
Only woman to assume imperial throne
Maintained power through secret police, political assassinations
Deposed own son to reach throne
Former concubine of previous emperor
Song Dynasty, 960-1279 CE
First use of standing navy by Chinese
Agricultural revolution led to a doubling of population during Song
Perfection and implementation of gunpowder in wide range of weapons
Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 CE
Founded by Mongol, Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan)
One of the shortest dynasties
Noteworthy for exchange of Eastern and Western culture
Part of larger Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire
Geography of Japan
Japan – 4 main islands
Honshū
Hokkaidō
Kyūshū
Shikoku
Japan – quick facts
3,000 islands total
Largest 4 – 97% of land mass
Today – 128 million people
Tokyo metro – 30 million
Much land ill-suited for agriculture
Japan – Early History
Main islands populated at least 30,000 BCE
Written records (China) from 1st century CE
Japanese adopted Chinese written characters (kanji) 4th to 6th century CE
Kana – 9th century
Shinto; Buddhism
Feudal Japanese Society
Samurai
Peasant farmers
Trades people
Merchants
Eta or burakumin (outcasts)
Samurai
“To serve”
Originally a warrior class
Subservient to daimyo
Gradually became state administrators, or ronin
Daimyo
“Great name"
Military and police powers
Controlled huge tracts of land
Shogun
“Military commander,” “general”
sei-i taishōgun
Some shoguns became de facto rulers of Japan
Korean Peninsula
Korea – quick facts
Divided into North and South Korea, 1948
Population – North 23 million, South 49 million
Korea – early history
Human habitation for tens of thousands of years
Japan and China – repeated invasions
Distinct language, very different from Chinese and Japanese
Hangul script replaced Chinese-based hanja
Choson (Joseon) Era
Hereditary kingship
Buddhism, Confucianism
Rigid social hierarchy
Choson Hierarchy
King
Yangban (aristocrats)
Chungin (bureaucrats)
Sangmin (peasants, workers)
Cheonmin (slaves, outcasts)
Modern Southeast Asia
(map)
Modern Southeast Asian Peoples
Thai
Khmer
Mon
Karen
Viet
Lao
Hmong
Champa
Malay
Influences on Southeast Asia
Chinese civilization (Confucianism)
Indian civilization (Buddhism)
Islamic traders
Europeans (Christianity)
Film – Introduction to China
Tuesday, May 20, 2008
PowerPoint Notes, 05-19-2008
Memorial Day
No class next Monday, 5-26-2008
Early Chinese Civilizations
Xia – 2205-1766 BCE
Shang – 1766-1050 BCE
Zhou – 1050-256 BCE
Xia Dynasty
Creation of legal codes
No formal writing system yet uncovered
Only references to Xia are through later writers
Originally thought to be mythical, but recent archaeology confirmed its existence
Shang Dynasty
Zhou Dynasty
Longest-lasting of all Chinese dynasties
Chinese philosophers Confucius and Laozi
Western and Eastern Zhou branches competed for control
Often compared with Greeks in terms of cultural development
Early American Civilizations
(image and discussion)
The Olmecs
“Rubber people”
2000-400 BCE
Developed system of writing
Invention of zero
Advanced astronomical calendars
Olmec Heads – African Origin?
(image and discussion)
Andean Civilizations
(image and discussion)
Chavín culture
900-200 BCE
Metalworking (gold and silver)
No system of writing
Domesticated llamas
Weaving, pottery, intricate artwork
Moche culture
100-800 CE
Built pyramids to honor kings
No written language, though artwork may have been used to communicate
Chimú culture
1000-1400 CE
Chan-Chan, largest city, may have held 50,000 people
Use of quipu, a string-based system of recording information
Persian and Iranian Empires
Forerunners to Iranian People
Elamites
Aryans
Medes
Parsu
Elamites
2700-539 BCE
West and Southwest part of present-day Iran
Bible describes them as descendants of Elam, son of Shem
Wide variety of economic activity; polytheistic
Strong federal government led by a king
Aryans
3000-1500 BCE
Originated in central Asia
Pastoralists and warriors
Merged with other Middle Eastern and West Asian groups
Parsu
Oldest written records describing Parsu – 844 BCE
Probably in modern-day Iran since 2000 BCE
Became dominant ethnic and linguistic group in Persian Empires
Medes
1200-550 BCE
North and northwest Iran
Defeated by Persians under Cyrus the Great
Only written records are from non-Medes
Achaemenid Empire
550-330 BCE
Founded by Cyrus the Great, who ruled 559-530 BCE
State language: Aramaic
Cyrus the Great
590-530 BCE
Bible calls him “Koresh”
First written creation of human rights
Conquered Medes, Babylonians, Lydians, Assyrians
Darius the Great
549-485 BCE
Reorganized empire and built effective government machinery
System of coinage
Conquered Egypt
Lost to the Greeks
Built capitol – Persepolis
Built “Royal Road”
Persepolis
(image and discussion)
Royal Road
(image and discussion)
Zoroaster
aka Zarathustra
1000-600 BCE ??
Probably born in eastern Iran or Afghanistan
Wrestled with daevas (“wrong gods”)
Tempted by Angra Mainyu (“evil spirit”)
Believed life was a struggle between good and evil (“truth and lie”)
Zoroastrianism
Still 200,000 believers
Priests were Magi
Ahura Mazda – “Uncreated God”
Avesta – sacred texts
Belief in a Final Judgment
Legacy of Zoroastrianism
Monotheism, astrology
Dualism (good and evil)
365-day, 12-month calendar
Concepts of heaven and hell
Concept of angels
1000-year rule by a Messiah
Hitler?
Freddie Mercury?
Manichaeism
Founded by prophet Mani (210-276 CE)
“True religion” – combined teachings of Zoroaster, Buddha, and Jesus
Dualistic, but no supreme god
Good and evil in eternal struggle
Spread of Manichaeism
(image and discussion)
Bahá'í Faith
Founded in 19th century Persia
Chief prophet: Bahá'u'lláh
6 million adherents
God sends prophets from time to time, like Zoroaster, Abraham, Buddha, Jesus, Muhammad, and Pee Wee Herman
A unifying monotheistic religion
Seleucid Empire
(image and discussion)
Seleucus, former officer of Alexander the Great
Led to spread of Hellenistic culture in Central and Southern Asia
323-60 BCE, although empire began decline after death of Seleucus in 281 BCE
Mauryan Empire
322-185 BCE
Founded by Chandragupta Maurya
Ruled over most of Indian subcontinent
Built system of roads that linked India
Central government, internal communication system, tax system innovations, educational systems
Ashoka the Great
Ruled 273- 232 BCE
Greatest Indian monarch
Greatest ruler in the history of the world? (HG Wells)
Deeply affected by bloodshed during Kalinga War (265 BCE)
Kalinga War
100,000 civilians killed
10,000 of Ashoka’s troops killed
“The blood turned red in the river Daya”
Edicts of Ashoka
Right behavior (truth, kindness, generosity)
Benevolence to others
Respect for neighbors (personal and state)
Fairness to prisoners
Respect for the life of animals
Religious tolerance
Public works by rulers (public wells, food for poor, public medicine)
Evidence of Edicts of Ashoka
(image and discussion)
Decline of Mauryan Empire
Weaker kings after Ashoka
Palace coup in 185 BCE
Weak defenses, attacked by Bactrian Greeks 180 BCE
Neglected the Khyber Pass (between modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan)
Khyber Pass
(image and discussion)
Rome
(image and discussion)
Periods of Historical Rome
Founding of Rome: 700 BCE – 509 BCE
Republican Rome: 509 BCE - 44 BCE
Imperial Rome: 44 BCE – 286 CE
Western Roman Empire: 286 CE – 476 CE
Eastern Roman Empire: 286 CE – 1453 CE
Mythological Founding of Rome
Romulus and Remus, sons of priestess Rhea Silvia and Mars, god of war
753 BCE traditional date
Rhea killed, twins placed in basket on Tiber River
Romulus later killed Remus, Rome named after Romulus
Romulus supposedly first ruler of Rome
Geography of Italian Peninsula
Seas Near Italian Peninsula
Apennine Mountains
Italian Alps
Po River
Rubicon River
Arno River
Tiber River
Rise of the Roman Republic
The Etruscans
Origins unknown
“People who build towers”?
Lived between Arno and Tiber Rivers by 800 BCE
Self-governing, fortified city-states
Twelve-city confederation
Etruscan king expelled by Romans in 509 BCE
Etruscan Art
(image and discussion)
Etruscan Social Structure
Initially a monarchy
Agrarian aristocracy
Council of elected magistrates
Etruscans were a military ruling class
The Etruscan Legacy
Architecture, ceramics, portraiture
Road construction and hydraulic engineering
Sanitation, metallurgy
Etruscan gods and religious practices
Symbols of power: purple robes, thrones, the bundle of rods and axe (fasces).
Royal Rome
6th century: Rome under Etruscan control
Etruscan kings: theocratic monarchy
Elective kingship
King was commander of the army, chief priest and supreme judge
Clientage system was important institution
Roman Patron-Client System
Client earned trust of patron
Patron provided client with protection, finance, security
Client fights for patron, supports his political ambitions
Mutual obligations
Tradition remains in Western society (corporations, gangs, Mafia)
Imperium
Translates roughly as “absolute power”
Senate and assembly granted imperium to kings
Kings had right to levy fines, imprison, or even execute people
Roman Society Structure
Patricians – hereditary noble class and landowners
Plebians (Plebs) – hereditary lower class, everyone from wealthy merchants and tradesmen down to the poor
Government in Royal Rome
Etruscan-elected monarchy
Senate: served for life
Senate met when king summoned
Curiate Assembly: membership open to all citizens
Assembly met when king summoned it
Roman Republic (509 BCE)
Begins with the revolt of the noble families
Constitution was an undocumented collection of laws and customs
Romans change the government with removal of king
Overthrow of Roman Kings
King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (“Tarquin the Proud”) had evil son, Sextus Tarquinius
Sextus raped Lucretia, wife of an important noble
Enraged nobles overthrow Tarquin the Proud
Government in Roman Republic
Two Consuls – patricians elected for one year and given imperium
A dictator could be elected for six months
Praetors served for one year as judges and generals
Two Censors elected for five year terms
Senate
Assembly
Struggle of the Orders
Patricians: monopoly on power, public office
Plebeians: subject to imperium but no power
Plebeians required to give military service
Abandoned city, formed a plebeian assembly
Gained access to law with Twelve Tables (450-449 BCE)
Licinian-Sextian Laws: consulship open to plebeians in 367 BCE
By 287 BCE plebeians had full rights and privileges
Carthage
Settled by Phoenician city of Tyre in 9th c. BCE
Carthage means “New City”
By 6th century Carthage controlled Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, Malta and Sicily
Romans called Carthaginians “Phoenicians,” (Poeni or Puni)
Naval and trading power
First Punic War (264-241 BCE)
Fought over Sicily
Destruction of Carthaginian fleet
Treaty: Sicily given to Rome, plus reparations
238 - Rome seized Sardinia and Corsica with new demands despite treaty
Hamilcar Barca established Punic Empire in Spain
Romans stopped at Ebro River
Hannibal
Son of Hamilcar Barca
One of history’s greatest generals
Supposedly witnessed the humiliation of Carthage after First Punic War
Second Punic War (218-202 BCE)
Saguntum asks for Roman alliance
Hannibal attacks Saguntum
Rome declares war
Hannibal crosses the Alps in Sept. 218
Roman defeat at Cannae
Scipio “Africanus” named proconsul in Spain
Scipio and Hannibal face each other at Zama
Loss for Hannibal?
The Three Macedonian Wars (215-168 BCE)
Philip V of Macedon allied with Carthage in 2nd Punic War; this led to 1st Macedonian War (215-205 BCE)
Rome ordered Philip to pay reparations and end attacks which led to 2nd Macedonian War (200-197 BCE)
Perseus succeeded Philip V; tried to gain popularity in Greece, leading to the 3rd Macedonian War 172-168 BCE
Unlike previous peace treaties, this was harsh. Macedon divided into four republics and forbidden to cross new boundaries.
Hellenization of Rome
Third Punic War (149-146 BCE)
Masinissa, a Roman ally, provokes Carthage into war
Rome declares war
Cato the Elder: strong supporter of war
Rome slaughtered and enslaved Carthage
Burned city to the ground
Farmland was sown with salt
End of the Roman Republic
Political instability
Rise of political violence
Conflict between upper and lower classes
Changes in economy
Imperial expansion →money economy
Landowning nobility lost influence
Money corrupted politicians
Cato the Elder (234-149 BCE)
“What was to become of Rome when she should no longer have any state to fear?”
Roman Expansion to 265 BCE
Roman Expansion by 129 BCE
(images and discussion)
Roman Slavery
Wars of expansion: millions of slaves as captives to Rome
Changed Roman economy
Conditions for slaves varied
Slaves considered property
Slaves could purchase own freedom
Frequent slave rebellions
Uprisings by displaced lower classes
Roman Innovations
Aqueduct
Roman Baths
Luxurious public buildings
Heated pools and steam rooms
Exercise rooms and pools
Free access to all except slaves
Bridges
Opus caementicium (Roman concrete)
Roman roads
Arenas (Colloseum)
Gladiators……legacy?
No class next Monday, 5-26-2008
Early Chinese Civilizations
Xia – 2205-1766 BCE
Shang – 1766-1050 BCE
Zhou – 1050-256 BCE
Xia Dynasty
Creation of legal codes
No formal writing system yet uncovered
Only references to Xia are through later writers
Originally thought to be mythical, but recent archaeology confirmed its existence
Shang Dynasty
Zhou Dynasty
Longest-lasting of all Chinese dynasties
Chinese philosophers Confucius and Laozi
Western and Eastern Zhou branches competed for control
Often compared with Greeks in terms of cultural development
Early American Civilizations
(image and discussion)
The Olmecs
“Rubber people”
2000-400 BCE
Developed system of writing
Invention of zero
Advanced astronomical calendars
Olmec Heads – African Origin?
(image and discussion)
Andean Civilizations
(image and discussion)
Chavín culture
900-200 BCE
Metalworking (gold and silver)
No system of writing
Domesticated llamas
Weaving, pottery, intricate artwork
Moche culture
100-800 CE
Built pyramids to honor kings
No written language, though artwork may have been used to communicate
Chimú culture
1000-1400 CE
Chan-Chan, largest city, may have held 50,000 people
Use of quipu, a string-based system of recording information
Persian and Iranian Empires
Forerunners to Iranian People
Elamites
Aryans
Medes
Parsu
Elamites
2700-539 BCE
West and Southwest part of present-day Iran
Bible describes them as descendants of Elam, son of Shem
Wide variety of economic activity; polytheistic
Strong federal government led by a king
Aryans
3000-1500 BCE
Originated in central Asia
Pastoralists and warriors
Merged with other Middle Eastern and West Asian groups
Parsu
Oldest written records describing Parsu – 844 BCE
Probably in modern-day Iran since 2000 BCE
Became dominant ethnic and linguistic group in Persian Empires
Medes
1200-550 BCE
North and northwest Iran
Defeated by Persians under Cyrus the Great
Only written records are from non-Medes
Achaemenid Empire
550-330 BCE
Founded by Cyrus the Great, who ruled 559-530 BCE
State language: Aramaic
Cyrus the Great
590-530 BCE
Bible calls him “Koresh”
First written creation of human rights
Conquered Medes, Babylonians, Lydians, Assyrians
Darius the Great
549-485 BCE
Reorganized empire and built effective government machinery
System of coinage
Conquered Egypt
Lost to the Greeks
Built capitol – Persepolis
Built “Royal Road”
Persepolis
(image and discussion)
Royal Road
(image and discussion)
Zoroaster
aka Zarathustra
1000-600 BCE ??
Probably born in eastern Iran or Afghanistan
Wrestled with daevas (“wrong gods”)
Tempted by Angra Mainyu (“evil spirit”)
Believed life was a struggle between good and evil (“truth and lie”)
Zoroastrianism
Still 200,000 believers
Priests were Magi
Ahura Mazda – “Uncreated God”
Avesta – sacred texts
Belief in a Final Judgment
Legacy of Zoroastrianism
Monotheism, astrology
Dualism (good and evil)
365-day, 12-month calendar
Concepts of heaven and hell
Concept of angels
1000-year rule by a Messiah
Hitler?
Freddie Mercury?
Manichaeism
Founded by prophet Mani (210-276 CE)
“True religion” – combined teachings of Zoroaster, Buddha, and Jesus
Dualistic, but no supreme god
Good and evil in eternal struggle
Spread of Manichaeism
(image and discussion)
Bahá'í Faith
Founded in 19th century Persia
Chief prophet: Bahá'u'lláh
6 million adherents
God sends prophets from time to time, like Zoroaster, Abraham, Buddha, Jesus, Muhammad, and Pee Wee Herman
A unifying monotheistic religion
Seleucid Empire
(image and discussion)
Seleucus, former officer of Alexander the Great
Led to spread of Hellenistic culture in Central and Southern Asia
323-60 BCE, although empire began decline after death of Seleucus in 281 BCE
Mauryan Empire
322-185 BCE
Founded by Chandragupta Maurya
Ruled over most of Indian subcontinent
Built system of roads that linked India
Central government, internal communication system, tax system innovations, educational systems
Ashoka the Great
Ruled 273- 232 BCE
Greatest Indian monarch
Greatest ruler in the history of the world? (HG Wells)
Deeply affected by bloodshed during Kalinga War (265 BCE)
Kalinga War
100,000 civilians killed
10,000 of Ashoka’s troops killed
“The blood turned red in the river Daya”
Edicts of Ashoka
Right behavior (truth, kindness, generosity)
Benevolence to others
Respect for neighbors (personal and state)
Fairness to prisoners
Respect for the life of animals
Religious tolerance
Public works by rulers (public wells, food for poor, public medicine)
Evidence of Edicts of Ashoka
(image and discussion)
Decline of Mauryan Empire
Weaker kings after Ashoka
Palace coup in 185 BCE
Weak defenses, attacked by Bactrian Greeks 180 BCE
Neglected the Khyber Pass (between modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan)
Khyber Pass
(image and discussion)
Rome
(image and discussion)
Periods of Historical Rome
Founding of Rome: 700 BCE – 509 BCE
Republican Rome: 509 BCE - 44 BCE
Imperial Rome: 44 BCE – 286 CE
Western Roman Empire: 286 CE – 476 CE
Eastern Roman Empire: 286 CE – 1453 CE
Mythological Founding of Rome
Romulus and Remus, sons of priestess Rhea Silvia and Mars, god of war
753 BCE traditional date
Rhea killed, twins placed in basket on Tiber River
Romulus later killed Remus, Rome named after Romulus
Romulus supposedly first ruler of Rome
Geography of Italian Peninsula
Seas Near Italian Peninsula
Apennine Mountains
Italian Alps
Po River
Rubicon River
Arno River
Tiber River
Rise of the Roman Republic
The Etruscans
Origins unknown
“People who build towers”?
Lived between Arno and Tiber Rivers by 800 BCE
Self-governing, fortified city-states
Twelve-city confederation
Etruscan king expelled by Romans in 509 BCE
Etruscan Art
(image and discussion)
Etruscan Social Structure
Initially a monarchy
Agrarian aristocracy
Council of elected magistrates
Etruscans were a military ruling class
The Etruscan Legacy
Architecture, ceramics, portraiture
Road construction and hydraulic engineering
Sanitation, metallurgy
Etruscan gods and religious practices
Symbols of power: purple robes, thrones, the bundle of rods and axe (fasces).
Royal Rome
6th century: Rome under Etruscan control
Etruscan kings: theocratic monarchy
Elective kingship
King was commander of the army, chief priest and supreme judge
Clientage system was important institution
Roman Patron-Client System
Client earned trust of patron
Patron provided client with protection, finance, security
Client fights for patron, supports his political ambitions
Mutual obligations
Tradition remains in Western society (corporations, gangs, Mafia)
Imperium
Translates roughly as “absolute power”
Senate and assembly granted imperium to kings
Kings had right to levy fines, imprison, or even execute people
Roman Society Structure
Patricians – hereditary noble class and landowners
Plebians (Plebs) – hereditary lower class, everyone from wealthy merchants and tradesmen down to the poor
Government in Royal Rome
Etruscan-elected monarchy
Senate: served for life
Senate met when king summoned
Curiate Assembly: membership open to all citizens
Assembly met when king summoned it
Roman Republic (509 BCE)
Begins with the revolt of the noble families
Constitution was an undocumented collection of laws and customs
Romans change the government with removal of king
Overthrow of Roman Kings
King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (“Tarquin the Proud”) had evil son, Sextus Tarquinius
Sextus raped Lucretia, wife of an important noble
Enraged nobles overthrow Tarquin the Proud
Government in Roman Republic
Two Consuls – patricians elected for one year and given imperium
A dictator could be elected for six months
Praetors served for one year as judges and generals
Two Censors elected for five year terms
Senate
Assembly
Struggle of the Orders
Patricians: monopoly on power, public office
Plebeians: subject to imperium but no power
Plebeians required to give military service
Abandoned city, formed a plebeian assembly
Gained access to law with Twelve Tables (450-449 BCE)
Licinian-Sextian Laws: consulship open to plebeians in 367 BCE
By 287 BCE plebeians had full rights and privileges
Carthage
Settled by Phoenician city of Tyre in 9th c. BCE
Carthage means “New City”
By 6th century Carthage controlled Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, Malta and Sicily
Romans called Carthaginians “Phoenicians,” (Poeni or Puni)
Naval and trading power
First Punic War (264-241 BCE)
Fought over Sicily
Destruction of Carthaginian fleet
Treaty: Sicily given to Rome, plus reparations
238 - Rome seized Sardinia and Corsica with new demands despite treaty
Hamilcar Barca established Punic Empire in Spain
Romans stopped at Ebro River
Hannibal
Son of Hamilcar Barca
One of history’s greatest generals
Supposedly witnessed the humiliation of Carthage after First Punic War
Second Punic War (218-202 BCE)
Saguntum asks for Roman alliance
Hannibal attacks Saguntum
Rome declares war
Hannibal crosses the Alps in Sept. 218
Roman defeat at Cannae
Scipio “Africanus” named proconsul in Spain
Scipio and Hannibal face each other at Zama
Loss for Hannibal?
The Three Macedonian Wars (215-168 BCE)
Philip V of Macedon allied with Carthage in 2nd Punic War; this led to 1st Macedonian War (215-205 BCE)
Rome ordered Philip to pay reparations and end attacks which led to 2nd Macedonian War (200-197 BCE)
Perseus succeeded Philip V; tried to gain popularity in Greece, leading to the 3rd Macedonian War 172-168 BCE
Unlike previous peace treaties, this was harsh. Macedon divided into four republics and forbidden to cross new boundaries.
Hellenization of Rome
Third Punic War (149-146 BCE)
Masinissa, a Roman ally, provokes Carthage into war
Rome declares war
Cato the Elder: strong supporter of war
Rome slaughtered and enslaved Carthage
Burned city to the ground
Farmland was sown with salt
End of the Roman Republic
Political instability
Rise of political violence
Conflict between upper and lower classes
Changes in economy
Imperial expansion →money economy
Landowning nobility lost influence
Money corrupted politicians
Cato the Elder (234-149 BCE)
“What was to become of Rome when she should no longer have any state to fear?”
Roman Expansion to 265 BCE
Roman Expansion by 129 BCE
(images and discussion)
Roman Slavery
Wars of expansion: millions of slaves as captives to Rome
Changed Roman economy
Conditions for slaves varied
Slaves considered property
Slaves could purchase own freedom
Frequent slave rebellions
Uprisings by displaced lower classes
Roman Innovations
Aqueduct
Roman Baths
Luxurious public buildings
Heated pools and steam rooms
Exercise rooms and pools
Free access to all except slaves
Bridges
Opus caementicium (Roman concrete)
Roman roads
Arenas (Colloseum)
Gladiators……legacy?
PowerPoint Notes, 5-15-2008
2009 Study Abroad
Southeast Asia- Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam
Earn 6 credits and travel to far away cultures!
Early August deadlines
Information meeting:
Thursday May 29 @ 7:30 p.m. Room Z-260 La-z-boy Center
Polis
Centered around a citadel (acropolis)
Centers of commerce, government, and culture
Greek Expansion, 750-650 BCE
City-state colonies rising all around the Mediterranean basin
Trade and industry boomed
Rise of wealthy non-noble merchant class
Age of the Tyrants
700-500 BCE
Tyrant – autocracy - “sole ruler”
Tyranny: rule by a person who seized power in the polis
Broke power of aristocracy, but often oppressive
Sparta
1st major Greek city-state
Defeated Athens in Peloponnesian War
Ruled by two kings and council of elders
Everything revolved around military
Height of power: 403-371 BCE
Athens
Center of Greek political, cultural, and intellectual life
Continuously inhabited for 3000 years
300,000 inhabitants by 4th century BCE
“Birthplace of Democracy”
Thebes
(image and discussion)
Corinth
8000 years of continuous inhabitation
Major trade center
Known in Classical Greece as an expensive place to live
Famous for temple prostitutes of Aphrodite
Olympia
Original home of Olympic Games
Center of Greek religious life
Temple of Zeus
Temple of Zeus
(image and discussion)
Persian Wars
Ionian Rebellion
499-494 BCE
Greek city-states in Asia Minor rose up against Persians
Led by Aristagoras of Miletus, who was trying to fix a bad military decision
Other causes:
High taxes
Installation of tyrant system by Persians
Conscription
Battle of Marathon, 490 BCE
Persian King Darius I
Persians: Over 500 ships, 30,000 to 100,000 soldiers (mostly archers)
Greeks: 7,000 to 10,000 soldiers; innovative use of phalanx and shield wall
Greeks 1, Persians 0
Phalanx
Shield Wall
Hoplite
Heavy infantry soldier
Foundation of phalanx
Middle class citizens
Code of honor
Highly disciplined fighters, almost like choreography
Battle of Thermopylae, 480 BCE
Led by Xerxes I of Persia
“Great Invasion” of Greek territory
Persians:150,000 troops, 600 ships
Greeks: 5,000 soldiers, 200 ships
Xerxes invaded by land
1,000 Spartans delay 20,000 Persians long enough for Athenian navy to inflict heavy damage
Greeks 2, Persians O
Battle of Plataea, 479 BCE
Last major battle of Persian Wars, Persians led by Mardonius
Sparta, Athens, Corinth versus Persians
Greeks: 100,000 soldiers
Persians: 300,000 soldiers
Greeks win again, Mardonius killed, Persian army destroyed in retreat
Greeks 3, Persians 0
The Delian League
Formed in 478-477 BCE on Delos
Confederation of 150 states
Purposes: free Greeks under Persians, prevent Persian invasion, reparations from Persia
Athens led league, but later assumed control
Athenian Empire
The evolution (devolution) of the Delian League
Period of Athenian imperialism
Athens as center of Greek world
First Peloponnesian War
460-445 BCE
Led by city-states angry at Athenian hegemony
Athenians won early battles, but eventually lost
Thirty Years’ Peace
Sparta and Athens: two spheres
Athenian Democracy
Direct democracy – citizens made laws.
Assembly open to adult male citizens, which elected 10 generals
Council of 500 chosen annually
350 magistrates
Aristocrats still dominated
Age of Pericles (461-429 BCE)
“Golden age” of democracy?
Pericles – statesman, orator, military man
Patron of arts, literature and architecture
Progressive changes in government
Political conservative, sought peace w/Sparta
Greek Contradictions
Democracy versus imperialism
Economic control versus public works
Freedom versus exploitation
League membership was mandated
Second Peloponnesian War
AKA “Great Peloponnesian War”
431-404 BCE
Athenian Empire versus Sparta-led Peloponnesian League
Three phases; war a draw until Persia sided with Sparta
Aftermath of Great Peloponnesian War
Democracy ends in Athens; rule by pro-Sparta “Thirty Tyrants”
Athens humbled; Sparta top Greek power
Economic depression and widespread poverty throughout Greek world
Rise of “total warfare;” mass destruction
Instability of the Fourth Century
Athens, Sparta and Thebes vie for control
After 396 BCE, Persia allies with both Athens and Sparta, causing instability
Corinthian War (395-387 BCE) ends Sparta’s dominance
Second Athenian Empire sees dominance of Thebes until 362 BCE
Allies of Athens revolt
The Rise of Macedonia
Fourth century BCE: leadership fluctuated between Athens, Sparta and Thebes
Phillip II became king of Macedonia in 359 BCE
Greek warnings fall on deaf ears
Greek alliances and states cannot create a united defensive front
Phillip II of Macedonia
382-336 BCE
Held captive as a child in Thebes, received Greek education
Military genius
Conquered Crenides (mining center)
Built massive, well-trained army
Alexander III, “The Great”
Son of Philip II
Taught by Aristotle
Never defeated
Spread Hellenistic culture into Asia, Africa, and Europe
Gay? Who knows – married at least two times
Macedonian Empire after Alexander’s conquests
(image and discussion)
Hindu/ Indian/ Buddhist/ Jain Traditions
Terminology
Hindu: term used to describe a wide variety of people with similar racial, linguistic, religious, and social characteristics
Indian: term used to describe people of Indian subcontinent
Jain: Small religious minority in India; one of the Earth’s oldest religions
Buddhist: Spiritual/philosophic tradition based on teachings of Siddhartha Gautama
Vedas – sacred texts (“knowledge”)
Sanskrit – Original religious language and basis for modern Indian languages
Hindu Caste Structures
Four Basic Castes:
Brahmin (priest class)
Kshatriya (warrior class)
Vaishya (tradespeople, merchants)
Shudra (manual workers)
Dalit (“untouchables”, outside the caste structure)
Two Influential Vedic Texts
Brahmanas
100-800 BCE
Dealt with ritual, sacrifice, and mythology
Upanishads
800-500 BCE
Dealt with philosophy, meditation, and the nature of atman and Brahman
Atman
The human soul, one’s true self
For Buddhists attachment to or fixation on atman is the source of misery
A clothing line by Russell Simmons
Brahman
Ultimate reality
“God”?
The infinite
Supreme Cosmic Spirit
Goal is to transcend atman and become one with Brahman
Samsara
Existence is an endless cycle of birth, death, rebirth, and re-death
The West refers to this as “reincarnation”
Karma
Every action has inevitable consequences
Good acts = good results
Evil acts = evil results
Karma carries over into next lives
Solving the Problem of Samsara
Solution #1: maximize good actions and minimize bad actions
Solution #2: Liberation from atman existence - moksha
Moksha
Buddhists call this Nirvana
Form of classical Indian dance representing liberation
Also a clothing line in the English-speaking Hindu world
Dharma
Translation: “that which upholds or supports”
“Moral law”
“Right order of things”
“Proper conduct”
“Righteousness”
Adharma - opposite
Buddha
Real name: Siddhartha Gautama
563-483 BCE
First written accounts 400 years after his death
Buddha means “Awakened One”
Early Life
Born to royal family
Ruled as prince until age 29
Disturbed by poverty, sickness, and unhappiness in world
Joined wandering band of ascetic monks
Asceticism Not Enough for Buddha
Starved himself
Meditated all waking hours
Self-mortification
Watched Hannah Montana videos for one straight month
Buddha’s Middle Path
Practice neither self-indulgence nor self-mortification
Announced existence of the “Four Noble Truths”
“Four Noble Truths”
Life is suffering (“dhukka”)
Suffering is caused by desire
To eliminate suffering, eliminate desire
To eliminate desire follow the Eightfold Path
Buddha’s Eightfold Path
Wisdom
1. Right view
2. Right intention
Ethical conduct
3. Right speech
4. Right action
5. Right livelihood
Mental discipline
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right concentration
Early Chinese Civilizations
Xia – 2205-1766 BCE
Shang – 1766-1050 BCE
Zhou – 1050-256 BCE
Southeast Asia- Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam
Earn 6 credits and travel to far away cultures!
Early August deadlines
Information meeting:
Thursday May 29 @ 7:30 p.m. Room Z-260 La-z-boy Center
Polis
Centered around a citadel (acropolis)
Centers of commerce, government, and culture
Greek Expansion, 750-650 BCE
City-state colonies rising all around the Mediterranean basin
Trade and industry boomed
Rise of wealthy non-noble merchant class
Age of the Tyrants
700-500 BCE
Tyrant – autocracy - “sole ruler”
Tyranny: rule by a person who seized power in the polis
Broke power of aristocracy, but often oppressive
Sparta
1st major Greek city-state
Defeated Athens in Peloponnesian War
Ruled by two kings and council of elders
Everything revolved around military
Height of power: 403-371 BCE
Athens
Center of Greek political, cultural, and intellectual life
Continuously inhabited for 3000 years
300,000 inhabitants by 4th century BCE
“Birthplace of Democracy”
Thebes
(image and discussion)
Corinth
8000 years of continuous inhabitation
Major trade center
Known in Classical Greece as an expensive place to live
Famous for temple prostitutes of Aphrodite
Olympia
Original home of Olympic Games
Center of Greek religious life
Temple of Zeus
Temple of Zeus
(image and discussion)
Persian Wars
Ionian Rebellion
499-494 BCE
Greek city-states in Asia Minor rose up against Persians
Led by Aristagoras of Miletus, who was trying to fix a bad military decision
Other causes:
High taxes
Installation of tyrant system by Persians
Conscription
Battle of Marathon, 490 BCE
Persian King Darius I
Persians: Over 500 ships, 30,000 to 100,000 soldiers (mostly archers)
Greeks: 7,000 to 10,000 soldiers; innovative use of phalanx and shield wall
Greeks 1, Persians 0
Phalanx
Shield Wall
Hoplite
Heavy infantry soldier
Foundation of phalanx
Middle class citizens
Code of honor
Highly disciplined fighters, almost like choreography
Battle of Thermopylae, 480 BCE
Led by Xerxes I of Persia
“Great Invasion” of Greek territory
Persians:150,000 troops, 600 ships
Greeks: 5,000 soldiers, 200 ships
Xerxes invaded by land
1,000 Spartans delay 20,000 Persians long enough for Athenian navy to inflict heavy damage
Greeks 2, Persians O
Battle of Plataea, 479 BCE
Last major battle of Persian Wars, Persians led by Mardonius
Sparta, Athens, Corinth versus Persians
Greeks: 100,000 soldiers
Persians: 300,000 soldiers
Greeks win again, Mardonius killed, Persian army destroyed in retreat
Greeks 3, Persians 0
The Delian League
Formed in 478-477 BCE on Delos
Confederation of 150 states
Purposes: free Greeks under Persians, prevent Persian invasion, reparations from Persia
Athens led league, but later assumed control
Athenian Empire
The evolution (devolution) of the Delian League
Period of Athenian imperialism
Athens as center of Greek world
First Peloponnesian War
460-445 BCE
Led by city-states angry at Athenian hegemony
Athenians won early battles, but eventually lost
Thirty Years’ Peace
Sparta and Athens: two spheres
Athenian Democracy
Direct democracy – citizens made laws.
Assembly open to adult male citizens, which elected 10 generals
Council of 500 chosen annually
350 magistrates
Aristocrats still dominated
Age of Pericles (461-429 BCE)
“Golden age” of democracy?
Pericles – statesman, orator, military man
Patron of arts, literature and architecture
Progressive changes in government
Political conservative, sought peace w/Sparta
Greek Contradictions
Democracy versus imperialism
Economic control versus public works
Freedom versus exploitation
League membership was mandated
Second Peloponnesian War
AKA “Great Peloponnesian War”
431-404 BCE
Athenian Empire versus Sparta-led Peloponnesian League
Three phases; war a draw until Persia sided with Sparta
Aftermath of Great Peloponnesian War
Democracy ends in Athens; rule by pro-Sparta “Thirty Tyrants”
Athens humbled; Sparta top Greek power
Economic depression and widespread poverty throughout Greek world
Rise of “total warfare;” mass destruction
Instability of the Fourth Century
Athens, Sparta and Thebes vie for control
After 396 BCE, Persia allies with both Athens and Sparta, causing instability
Corinthian War (395-387 BCE) ends Sparta’s dominance
Second Athenian Empire sees dominance of Thebes until 362 BCE
Allies of Athens revolt
The Rise of Macedonia
Fourth century BCE: leadership fluctuated between Athens, Sparta and Thebes
Phillip II became king of Macedonia in 359 BCE
Greek warnings fall on deaf ears
Greek alliances and states cannot create a united defensive front
Phillip II of Macedonia
382-336 BCE
Held captive as a child in Thebes, received Greek education
Military genius
Conquered Crenides (mining center)
Built massive, well-trained army
Alexander III, “The Great”
Son of Philip II
Taught by Aristotle
Never defeated
Spread Hellenistic culture into Asia, Africa, and Europe
Gay? Who knows – married at least two times
Macedonian Empire after Alexander’s conquests
(image and discussion)
Hindu/ Indian/ Buddhist/ Jain Traditions
Terminology
Hindu: term used to describe a wide variety of people with similar racial, linguistic, religious, and social characteristics
Indian: term used to describe people of Indian subcontinent
Jain: Small religious minority in India; one of the Earth’s oldest religions
Buddhist: Spiritual/philosophic tradition based on teachings of Siddhartha Gautama
Vedas – sacred texts (“knowledge”)
Sanskrit – Original religious language and basis for modern Indian languages
Hindu Caste Structures
Four Basic Castes:
Brahmin (priest class)
Kshatriya (warrior class)
Vaishya (tradespeople, merchants)
Shudra (manual workers)
Dalit (“untouchables”, outside the caste structure)
Two Influential Vedic Texts
Brahmanas
100-800 BCE
Dealt with ritual, sacrifice, and mythology
Upanishads
800-500 BCE
Dealt with philosophy, meditation, and the nature of atman and Brahman
Atman
The human soul, one’s true self
For Buddhists attachment to or fixation on atman is the source of misery
A clothing line by Russell Simmons
Brahman
Ultimate reality
“God”?
The infinite
Supreme Cosmic Spirit
Goal is to transcend atman and become one with Brahman
Samsara
Existence is an endless cycle of birth, death, rebirth, and re-death
The West refers to this as “reincarnation”
Karma
Every action has inevitable consequences
Good acts = good results
Evil acts = evil results
Karma carries over into next lives
Solving the Problem of Samsara
Solution #1: maximize good actions and minimize bad actions
Solution #2: Liberation from atman existence - moksha
Moksha
Buddhists call this Nirvana
Form of classical Indian dance representing liberation
Also a clothing line in the English-speaking Hindu world
Dharma
Translation: “that which upholds or supports”
“Moral law”
“Right order of things”
“Proper conduct”
“Righteousness”
Adharma - opposite
Buddha
Real name: Siddhartha Gautama
563-483 BCE
First written accounts 400 years after his death
Buddha means “Awakened One”
Early Life
Born to royal family
Ruled as prince until age 29
Disturbed by poverty, sickness, and unhappiness in world
Joined wandering band of ascetic monks
Asceticism Not Enough for Buddha
Starved himself
Meditated all waking hours
Self-mortification
Watched Hannah Montana videos for one straight month
Buddha’s Middle Path
Practice neither self-indulgence nor self-mortification
Announced existence of the “Four Noble Truths”
“Four Noble Truths”
Life is suffering (“dhukka”)
Suffering is caused by desire
To eliminate suffering, eliminate desire
To eliminate desire follow the Eightfold Path
Buddha’s Eightfold Path
Wisdom
1. Right view
2. Right intention
Ethical conduct
3. Right speech
4. Right action
5. Right livelihood
Mental discipline
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right concentration
Early Chinese Civilizations
Xia – 2205-1766 BCE
Shang – 1766-1050 BCE
Zhou – 1050-256 BCE
Thursday, May 15, 2008
PowerPoint Notes, 05-13-08
Classical World Civilizations
Four Great Revolutions in Thought
Classical Chinese
Classical Greek
Judeo-Christian
Buddhist
Confucianism
Confucius (K’ung-Fu-tzu)
551-479 BCE
From lower nobility
Analects recorded by disciples of Confucius
Social and political harmony most important
Most important of the “Hundred Schools”
Confucius
"If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of shame, and moreover will become good.”
Confucius
"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others”
Confucius
“Britney Spears should be taken out behind her mansion and beaten with a rubber hose”
(OK - this is not a real Confucius quote, but he would probably agree)
Daoism (Taoism)
Dates back to 4th century BCE
Most important text is Lao-tzu (Lao-tsi)
Dao (Tao) = “the way”
Mohism
Founded by Mozi in 5th century BCE
Universal love – “Everyone is equal before heaven”
“Greatest good for the greatest number of people”
Sense is more important than imagination or abstract concepts
Legalism
Founder: Han Feizi in 3rd century BCE
Humans are selfish by nature, must be controlled by the state
Strict law enforcement
Perpetuation of state most important goal
Classical Greek Thought
Thales of Miletus
624-545 BCE
“Father of science”
No surviving writings
“That for which we blame others, let us not do ourselves”
Happiness: “He who is healthy in body, resourceful in soul and of a readily teachable nature”
Hippocrates of Cos
“Father of medicine”
460-370 BCE
No surviving writings
Disease due to environment, diet and living habits, not the gods
Hippocratic Oath
Socrates
470-399 BCE
No writings have survived
Social and moral critic of a decadent Athenian society
Chose to commit suicide rather than renounce beliefs
Socratic Method
One person leads the discussion, others participate
Problems are solved through guided questions rather than through direct lecture
“Teaching by asking instead of telling”
Plato
429-347 BCE
Most famous pupil of Socrates
Philosopher, mathematician, writer
Believed the highest form of knowledge is the “Idea of the Good”
Plato’s Ideal State
Ruled by “Philosopher-Kings”
Three-level social class structure:
Workers (“Productive”)
Warriors (“Protective”)
Rulers (“Governing”)
Plato despised democracy
Aristotle
384-322 BCE
Student of Plato
Less concerned with the ideal state than “a life of virtue and morality”
Advanced many scientific fields, including biology, astronomy, and physics
Israelite Traditions
Fact Vs. Belief
Some view the Bible as literal truth
James Ussher, 1650: came up with 4004 BCE as beginning of the Earth
Historical Israel
1900-1600 BCE: Abraham arrived in Palestine from Mesopotamia
1200 BCE: Moses
1200-1100 BCE: Israelites gain control of Palestine
922 BCE: Split into Israel and Judah
722 BCE: Fall of Israel to Assyrians
586 BCE: Fall of Judah to Babylonians; Temple destroyed
539 BCE: Persia defeats Babylonians; Israelites returned to Palestine
516 BCE: Temple rebuilt
331 BCE: Greeks defeat Persians; Jews pledge loyalty to Greeks
63 BCE: Romans conquer Jerusalem
70 CE: Romans destroy Jerusalem
132-135 CE: Brief Jewish state crushed again by Romans
Significance of Israel and Judaism
Rise of monotheism
Linking of ethics to a deity
Concept of divinely-revealed scripture
Belief in a Messiah
Advanced theories of the rule of law (Ten Commandments, codes on ritual and daily life)
Rise of Greek and Hellenistic Civilizations
Minoans
Civilization that rose on Crete
Named after King Minos
Bronze Age culture
Proto-Greek writing system
Not ethnically Greek
Mycenaeans
1600-1100 BCE
Lived on Greek mainland
Language shares similarities to Greek
Probably ancestors of peoples who would be unified as Greeks
Invaded by Dorians?
Principal Greek Tribes
Dorians
Achaeans
Aeolians
Ionians
Greek “Dark Ages”
1100-750 BCE
Little known about this period
Collapse of Mycenaean civilization created turmoil
Rise of the Polis (city-state)
Polis
Centered around a citadel (acropolis)
Centers of commerce, government, and culture
Greek Expansion, 750-650 BCE
City-state colonies rising all around the Mediterranean basin
Trade and industry boomed
Rise of wealthy non-noble merchant class
Four Great Revolutions in Thought
Classical Chinese
Classical Greek
Judeo-Christian
Buddhist
Confucianism
Confucius (K’ung-Fu-tzu)
551-479 BCE
From lower nobility
Analects recorded by disciples of Confucius
Social and political harmony most important
Most important of the “Hundred Schools”
Confucius
"If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of shame, and moreover will become good.”
Confucius
"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others”
Confucius
“Britney Spears should be taken out behind her mansion and beaten with a rubber hose”
(OK - this is not a real Confucius quote, but he would probably agree)
Daoism (Taoism)
Dates back to 4th century BCE
Most important text is Lao-tzu (Lao-tsi)
Dao (Tao) = “the way”
Mohism
Founded by Mozi in 5th century BCE
Universal love – “Everyone is equal before heaven”
“Greatest good for the greatest number of people”
Sense is more important than imagination or abstract concepts
Legalism
Founder: Han Feizi in 3rd century BCE
Humans are selfish by nature, must be controlled by the state
Strict law enforcement
Perpetuation of state most important goal
Classical Greek Thought
Thales of Miletus
624-545 BCE
“Father of science”
No surviving writings
“That for which we blame others, let us not do ourselves”
Happiness: “He who is healthy in body, resourceful in soul and of a readily teachable nature”
Hippocrates of Cos
“Father of medicine”
460-370 BCE
No surviving writings
Disease due to environment, diet and living habits, not the gods
Hippocratic Oath
Socrates
470-399 BCE
No writings have survived
Social and moral critic of a decadent Athenian society
Chose to commit suicide rather than renounce beliefs
Socratic Method
One person leads the discussion, others participate
Problems are solved through guided questions rather than through direct lecture
“Teaching by asking instead of telling”
Plato
429-347 BCE
Most famous pupil of Socrates
Philosopher, mathematician, writer
Believed the highest form of knowledge is the “Idea of the Good”
Plato’s Ideal State
Ruled by “Philosopher-Kings”
Three-level social class structure:
Workers (“Productive”)
Warriors (“Protective”)
Rulers (“Governing”)
Plato despised democracy
Aristotle
384-322 BCE
Student of Plato
Less concerned with the ideal state than “a life of virtue and morality”
Advanced many scientific fields, including biology, astronomy, and physics
Israelite Traditions
Fact Vs. Belief
Some view the Bible as literal truth
James Ussher, 1650: came up with 4004 BCE as beginning of the Earth
Historical Israel
1900-1600 BCE: Abraham arrived in Palestine from Mesopotamia
1200 BCE: Moses
1200-1100 BCE: Israelites gain control of Palestine
922 BCE: Split into Israel and Judah
722 BCE: Fall of Israel to Assyrians
586 BCE: Fall of Judah to Babylonians; Temple destroyed
539 BCE: Persia defeats Babylonians; Israelites returned to Palestine
516 BCE: Temple rebuilt
331 BCE: Greeks defeat Persians; Jews pledge loyalty to Greeks
63 BCE: Romans conquer Jerusalem
70 CE: Romans destroy Jerusalem
132-135 CE: Brief Jewish state crushed again by Romans
Significance of Israel and Judaism
Rise of monotheism
Linking of ethics to a deity
Concept of divinely-revealed scripture
Belief in a Messiah
Advanced theories of the rule of law (Ten Commandments, codes on ritual and daily life)
Rise of Greek and Hellenistic Civilizations
Minoans
Civilization that rose on Crete
Named after King Minos
Bronze Age culture
Proto-Greek writing system
Not ethnically Greek
Mycenaeans
1600-1100 BCE
Lived on Greek mainland
Language shares similarities to Greek
Probably ancestors of peoples who would be unified as Greeks
Invaded by Dorians?
Principal Greek Tribes
Dorians
Achaeans
Aeolians
Ionians
Greek “Dark Ages”
1100-750 BCE
Little known about this period
Collapse of Mycenaean civilization created turmoil
Rise of the Polis (city-state)
Polis
Centered around a citadel (acropolis)
Centers of commerce, government, and culture
Greek Expansion, 750-650 BCE
City-state colonies rising all around the Mediterranean basin
Trade and industry boomed
Rise of wealthy non-noble merchant class
PowerPoint Notes, 05-12-08
How to Succeed in this Class
Read the assigned readings
Attend class faithfully
Ask questions
Take notes
Participate in discussions
How to Struggle in this Class
Do not read the assigned readings
Skip class
Leave class early
Ask no questions
Sleep in class
Fail to take notes
Do not complete assignments
Note-Taking in a History Class
(handout)
Why Study History?
I need it to graduate
My advisor would not take a bribe
Everything else was filled
To learn lessons from the past
To understand how we got to where we are
What, Exactly, Is History?
A bunch of dates and dead people
A class for catching up on my sleep
All that is remembered of the past and written down
The branch of knowledge that records and researches past events
An agreed-upon set of lies
Political History
Concerned with political events and rulers
Focuses on nation-states and empires
Views political leaders as primary agents of change
Military History
Studies wars and conflicts
Focuses on war as an agent of historical change
Can examine small details (such as battles) or larger issues (such as entire wars)
Social History
Examines social trends in history
Sometimes known as “history from below,” as it focuses on everyday people
Material History
Examines the history of a particular item or product
Uses this knowledge to expand understanding of a historical era
Epidemiological History
Studies epidemics and their effect on society
Combines history and medicine to interpret historical epidemics and how history is shaped by disease
Economic History
Studying the role of economics in history
Examines the relationship between economic systems and social/political life
Concerned with money, business, labor, and the role of government in the economy
Writing Workshop
(image)
The Importance of Outlining
The outline as a road map
Helps you stay organized
A logical description of your paper
A way to visualize your paper
Shows relationships between ideas
Lets you think about the essay before you actually begin writing
There – Their – They’re
There – direction: “My car is over there.”
Their – possession: “Their dog is eating my cat.”
They’re – contraction (they are): “They’re grilling steaks on the barbecue tonight.”
It’s - Its
It’s – (“it is”) – “It’s hot outside today.”
Its - (possessive pronoun) – “The dog is chewing on its bone.”
Date Notation
AD, BC – “Anno Domini,” “Before Christ”
CE, BCE – “Common Era,” “Before Common Era”
Interchangeable - use the style you prefer in this class
Controversy over use of CE and BCE - some see this as anti-Christian
Your Writing Environment
Quiet place (music – yes or no?)
Free from distractions
No interruptions (phone, email, text messages)
Comfortable, upright chair
Proper lighting
Tell family/roommates when you are writing
Dedicated writing area as a work space
First Civilizations
(image)
Paleolithic Age
From Greek words for “old stone”
1-2 million BCE to 10,000 BCE
Stone tools
Hunting, fishing, and gathering of food
Neolithic Age
Greek words for “new stone”
Appeared 10,000 BCE to 2,500 BCE in various parts of the world
Pottery, weaving, domestication of plants and animals
Rise of villages as permanent settlements
Bronze Age
Began between 4000 and 3000 BCE
First Bronze Age civilizations appeared in Mesopotamia
Noted for invention of writing, large cities, and hierarchical societies
Mesopotamia
(map)
Prehistory versus History
Development of writing meant that written records could be saved
“Prehistory” is simply the time before writing
Varies with civilization, depending on when writing developed
"Prehistoric" does not necessarily mean "cavemen" or "Neanderthals"
Civilizations of Mesopotamia
3000 – 2000 BCE: Sumerians
1900-1600 BCE: Amorites
Innovations of Sumerians/Amorites
Invented writing
Developed mathematics
Developed astrology
Developed concepts of 60-minute hour and 360-degree circle
Oldest known world map
Hammurabi
Greatest Sumerian ruler
1792-1750 BCE
Created Babylonian Empire
Best known for Hammurabi Code
Hammurabi Code
First known attempt to collect, organize, and standardize laws in written form
Also serves as insight into Babylonian life
Egyptian Civilizations
Old Kingdom
2700-2200 BCE
Egyptian kings (pharaohs) considered gods
The Sphinx was built in this time
Political rivalries and famine destroyed this dynasty
Middle Kingdom
2200-1786 BCE
Pharaohs no longer seen as gods
Increased trade in North Africa and Palestine
New Kingdom
1570-1070 BCE
Period of greatest territorial expansion for Egyptian empire
Best known Egyptian pharaohs, including Tutankhamen, Ramesses II, and Amenhotep
Valley of the Kings
Egyptian Innovations
Political unification on a wider scale than any other nation
Invention of papyrus, a form of paper
Hieroglyphics
Medicine
Solar year of 365-1/4 days
Architecture, especially columns
Use of decimal system
Black Athena
Film on controversial series of books by Martin Bernal
Read the assigned readings
Attend class faithfully
Ask questions
Take notes
Participate in discussions
How to Struggle in this Class
Do not read the assigned readings
Skip class
Leave class early
Ask no questions
Sleep in class
Fail to take notes
Do not complete assignments
Note-Taking in a History Class
(handout)
Why Study History?
I need it to graduate
My advisor would not take a bribe
Everything else was filled
To learn lessons from the past
To understand how we got to where we are
What, Exactly, Is History?
A bunch of dates and dead people
A class for catching up on my sleep
All that is remembered of the past and written down
The branch of knowledge that records and researches past events
An agreed-upon set of lies
Political History
Concerned with political events and rulers
Focuses on nation-states and empires
Views political leaders as primary agents of change
Military History
Studies wars and conflicts
Focuses on war as an agent of historical change
Can examine small details (such as battles) or larger issues (such as entire wars)
Social History
Examines social trends in history
Sometimes known as “history from below,” as it focuses on everyday people
Material History
Examines the history of a particular item or product
Uses this knowledge to expand understanding of a historical era
Epidemiological History
Studies epidemics and their effect on society
Combines history and medicine to interpret historical epidemics and how history is shaped by disease
Economic History
Studying the role of economics in history
Examines the relationship between economic systems and social/political life
Concerned with money, business, labor, and the role of government in the economy
Writing Workshop
(image)
The Importance of Outlining
The outline as a road map
Helps you stay organized
A logical description of your paper
A way to visualize your paper
Shows relationships between ideas
Lets you think about the essay before you actually begin writing
There – Their – They’re
There – direction: “My car is over there.”
Their – possession: “Their dog is eating my cat.”
They’re – contraction (they are): “They’re grilling steaks on the barbecue tonight.”
It’s - Its
It’s – (“it is”) – “It’s hot outside today.”
Its - (possessive pronoun) – “The dog is chewing on its bone.”
Date Notation
AD, BC – “Anno Domini,” “Before Christ”
CE, BCE – “Common Era,” “Before Common Era”
Interchangeable - use the style you prefer in this class
Controversy over use of CE and BCE - some see this as anti-Christian
Your Writing Environment
Quiet place (music – yes or no?)
Free from distractions
No interruptions (phone, email, text messages)
Comfortable, upright chair
Proper lighting
Tell family/roommates when you are writing
Dedicated writing area as a work space
First Civilizations
(image)
Paleolithic Age
From Greek words for “old stone”
1-2 million BCE to 10,000 BCE
Stone tools
Hunting, fishing, and gathering of food
Neolithic Age
Greek words for “new stone”
Appeared 10,000 BCE to 2,500 BCE in various parts of the world
Pottery, weaving, domestication of plants and animals
Rise of villages as permanent settlements
Bronze Age
Began between 4000 and 3000 BCE
First Bronze Age civilizations appeared in Mesopotamia
Noted for invention of writing, large cities, and hierarchical societies
Mesopotamia
(map)
Prehistory versus History
Development of writing meant that written records could be saved
“Prehistory” is simply the time before writing
Varies with civilization, depending on when writing developed
"Prehistoric" does not necessarily mean "cavemen" or "Neanderthals"
Civilizations of Mesopotamia
3000 – 2000 BCE: Sumerians
1900-1600 BCE: Amorites
Innovations of Sumerians/Amorites
Invented writing
Developed mathematics
Developed astrology
Developed concepts of 60-minute hour and 360-degree circle
Oldest known world map
Hammurabi
Greatest Sumerian ruler
1792-1750 BCE
Created Babylonian Empire
Best known for Hammurabi Code
Hammurabi Code
First known attempt to collect, organize, and standardize laws in written form
Also serves as insight into Babylonian life
Egyptian Civilizations
Old Kingdom
2700-2200 BCE
Egyptian kings (pharaohs) considered gods
The Sphinx was built in this time
Political rivalries and famine destroyed this dynasty
Middle Kingdom
2200-1786 BCE
Pharaohs no longer seen as gods
Increased trade in North Africa and Palestine
New Kingdom
1570-1070 BCE
Period of greatest territorial expansion for Egyptian empire
Best known Egyptian pharaohs, including Tutankhamen, Ramesses II, and Amenhotep
Valley of the Kings
Egyptian Innovations
Political unification on a wider scale than any other nation
Invention of papyrus, a form of paper
Hieroglyphics
Medicine
Solar year of 365-1/4 days
Architecture, especially columns
Use of decimal system
Black Athena
Film on controversial series of books by Martin Bernal
Friday, December 14, 2007
Final Exam Study Guide
Essay Questions (choose one from two listed on the exam)
Essays should be 200-250 words in length (roughly one double-spaced typewritten page) and should address all parts of the question.
1. Discuss what is meant by the term “Columbian Exchange.” What were some of the immediate effects of this exchange? What were some of the long-term effects of this exchange? To what degree do you believe the Columbian Exchange played a role in the European subjugation of the Americas?
2. Briefly describe some of the major Crusades. What were some of the major motivations of the various Crusaders? What was the historical legacy of the Crusades?
3. Briefly describe the history of the epidemic known as the Black Death. What conditions might have contributed to the virulence of this epidemic? How did people of the time cope with the plague? What were some of the long-term effects of the Black Death on European history?
4. Describe the events that led to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. What factors contributed to the inability of the numerically-superior Aztecs to defeat the Spaniards? What factor(s) do you believe to be the most important in the conquest?
5. Describe the origins of the transatlantic slave trade. In addition, explain how the process of enslaving Africans worked. Finally, describe the cycle of enslavement from the perspective of a captured African, being sure to include the various stages between capture and final destination.
Short Answer Questions
Be sure to answer “who,” “where,” “what,” “when,” and “why important.” Responses are typically 50-80 words in length (one paragraph of 5-7 lines).
Terms to Study
Teotihuacán
Olmec
Aztec
Altepetl
Columbian Exchange
Tlatoani
Moctezuma II
Huitzilopochtli
Tlaloc
Quetzalcoatl
La Malinche
Hernán Cortés
La Noche Triste
Mississippian Culture
Sapa Inca
Tawantinsuyu
Quipus
Francisco Pizarro
Yersinia pestis
Great Schism
Crusades
Renaissance
Humanism
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Francesco Petrarch
Giovanni Boccaccio
Desiderius Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
Henry the Navigator
Gil Eanes
Alvise Cadamosto
Bartolomeu Dias
Vasco da Gama
Estado da India
Portolani charts
Astrolabe
Caravel
Mansa Musa
Essays should be 200-250 words in length (roughly one double-spaced typewritten page) and should address all parts of the question.
1. Discuss what is meant by the term “Columbian Exchange.” What were some of the immediate effects of this exchange? What were some of the long-term effects of this exchange? To what degree do you believe the Columbian Exchange played a role in the European subjugation of the Americas?
2. Briefly describe some of the major Crusades. What were some of the major motivations of the various Crusaders? What was the historical legacy of the Crusades?
3. Briefly describe the history of the epidemic known as the Black Death. What conditions might have contributed to the virulence of this epidemic? How did people of the time cope with the plague? What were some of the long-term effects of the Black Death on European history?
4. Describe the events that led to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. What factors contributed to the inability of the numerically-superior Aztecs to defeat the Spaniards? What factor(s) do you believe to be the most important in the conquest?
5. Describe the origins of the transatlantic slave trade. In addition, explain how the process of enslaving Africans worked. Finally, describe the cycle of enslavement from the perspective of a captured African, being sure to include the various stages between capture and final destination.
Short Answer Questions
Be sure to answer “who,” “where,” “what,” “when,” and “why important.” Responses are typically 50-80 words in length (one paragraph of 5-7 lines).
Terms to Study
Teotihuacán
Olmec
Aztec
Altepetl
Columbian Exchange
Tlatoani
Moctezuma II
Huitzilopochtli
Tlaloc
Quetzalcoatl
La Malinche
Hernán Cortés
La Noche Triste
Mississippian Culture
Sapa Inca
Tawantinsuyu
Quipus
Francisco Pizarro
Yersinia pestis
Great Schism
Crusades
Renaissance
Humanism
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Francesco Petrarch
Giovanni Boccaccio
Desiderius Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
Henry the Navigator
Gil Eanes
Alvise Cadamosto
Bartolomeu Dias
Vasco da Gama
Estado da India
Portolani charts
Astrolabe
Caravel
Mansa Musa
Research Paper Guidelines
Summary:
Students will complete a 3-page, double-spaced research narrative in which the writer examine the persona of a fictional historical character whose life relates to themes of the course. Here are some suggested characters, but you are free to develop a different character with instructor approval:
a. Egyptian pharaoh in the Middle Kingdom.
b. Peasant in 12th century France.
c. Indigenous chieftain on the island of Hispaniola in 1492 CE.
d. Court official during the Tang Dynasty in 635 CE.
e. Merchant in Florence during the year 1347 CE.
f. Aztec warrior in Tenochtitlan in 1519 CE.
Specifications:
a. 1-inch margins on all sides.
b. 12-point Times New Roman font (do not use Courier New or other fonts that change page counts)
c. Use APA, MLA, or Chicago citation style, but be consistent in your use of the citation style.
d. You may use a title page, but it does not count toward the page count.
e. The bibliography or reference page does not count toward the page count.
Content:
Approximately 90% of the paper will be spent in analysis. Do not fill the paper with plot summary, excessive biography, or extraneous details. Questions for consideration include – but are not limited to – the following:
a. What part does the character play in the economy of the time period?
b. How – if at all – is the character connected to global economic trade?
c. What are the major economic trends of this time, and how is the character affected by these trends?
d. To what extent is the character able to control his or her own destiny, and to what extent do larger institutions (such as governments, monopolies, or churches) limit the ways in which this individual participates in economic, social, and political activity?
e. You may use the first person voice for your character, but be aware that objective analysis is more difficult from the perspective of self-observation.
The paper is due on Tuesday, December 18.
Students will complete a 3-page, double-spaced research narrative in which the writer examine the persona of a fictional historical character whose life relates to themes of the course. Here are some suggested characters, but you are free to develop a different character with instructor approval:
a. Egyptian pharaoh in the Middle Kingdom.
b. Peasant in 12th century France.
c. Indigenous chieftain on the island of Hispaniola in 1492 CE.
d. Court official during the Tang Dynasty in 635 CE.
e. Merchant in Florence during the year 1347 CE.
f. Aztec warrior in Tenochtitlan in 1519 CE.
Specifications:
a. 1-inch margins on all sides.
b. 12-point Times New Roman font (do not use Courier New or other fonts that change page counts)
c. Use APA, MLA, or Chicago citation style, but be consistent in your use of the citation style.
d. You may use a title page, but it does not count toward the page count.
e. The bibliography or reference page does not count toward the page count.
Content:
Approximately 90% of the paper will be spent in analysis. Do not fill the paper with plot summary, excessive biography, or extraneous details. Questions for consideration include – but are not limited to – the following:
a. What part does the character play in the economy of the time period?
b. How – if at all – is the character connected to global economic trade?
c. What are the major economic trends of this time, and how is the character affected by these trends?
d. To what extent is the character able to control his or her own destiny, and to what extent do larger institutions (such as governments, monopolies, or churches) limit the ways in which this individual participates in economic, social, and political activity?
e. You may use the first person voice for your character, but be aware that objective analysis is more difficult from the perspective of self-observation.
The paper is due on Tuesday, December 18.
Tuesday, December 11, 2007
European Expansion, Part I
Prester John of the Indies (image)
Crusades and Prester John (image)
Otto of Freising – Chronicle, 1143 (image)
Prester John and Marco Polo (image)
Sir John Mandeville and Prester John (image)
Zar’a Yakob - Ethiopia (image)
Prester John – 1683 engraving (image)
European Expansion (image)
Portugal (image)
Prince Henry the Navigator (image)
1394-1460
Son of Portuguese king
Sponsored voyages of discovery
Set up court at Sagres, attracted sailors, scientists, merchants
Motivations of Prince Henry (image)
God
Gold
Glory
Prester John
Transatlantic Slave Trade (image)
Why a Transatlantic Slave Trade?
1. Columbian Exchange
2. Growth of labor-intensive industries (mining, sugar, tobacco, cotton)
3. Labor shortages
4. Profit
5. Triangular trade
Myths about Transatlantic Slavery
1. Europeans captured Africans in the jungle
2. Blacks never owned slaves
3. Slavery was always based on race
4. Most slaves were imported into what is now the United States
5. African slaves were brainwashed and stunned into submission and rarely resisted slavery
6. Slavery is a product of capitalism
7. The Middle Passage was the deadliest part of slave trade
Origin of Slaves (map)
Destinations of Slaves (map)
Mortality Rates of Slave Trade (chart)
Debunking Triangular Trade (map)
Legacies of Transatlantic Slavery
Racism
Underdevelopment of Africa
Reparations
Crusades and Prester John (image)
Otto of Freising – Chronicle, 1143 (image)
Prester John and Marco Polo (image)
Sir John Mandeville and Prester John (image)
Zar’a Yakob - Ethiopia (image)
Prester John – 1683 engraving (image)
European Expansion (image)
Portugal (image)
Prince Henry the Navigator (image)
1394-1460
Son of Portuguese king
Sponsored voyages of discovery
Set up court at Sagres, attracted sailors, scientists, merchants
Motivations of Prince Henry (image)
God
Gold
Glory
Prester John
Transatlantic Slave Trade (image)
Why a Transatlantic Slave Trade?
1. Columbian Exchange
2. Growth of labor-intensive industries (mining, sugar, tobacco, cotton)
3. Labor shortages
4. Profit
5. Triangular trade
Myths about Transatlantic Slavery
1. Europeans captured Africans in the jungle
2. Blacks never owned slaves
3. Slavery was always based on race
4. Most slaves were imported into what is now the United States
5. African slaves were brainwashed and stunned into submission and rarely resisted slavery
6. Slavery is a product of capitalism
7. The Middle Passage was the deadliest part of slave trade
Origin of Slaves (map)
Destinations of Slaves (map)
Mortality Rates of Slave Trade (chart)
Debunking Triangular Trade (map)
Legacies of Transatlantic Slavery
Racism
Underdevelopment of Africa
Reparations
Thursday, December 6, 2007
Great Schism, Crusades, Renaissance
Great Schism
Formally separated Eastern and Western churches
1054 – Pope excommunicated Patriarch and all Orthodox followers
Roots of schism:
Language
Politics
Liturgy
Filioque clause
Filioque
Original Nicene Creed: "We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father…"
Roman Catholic version (589 CE): "We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father and the Son…"
Catholic Church: Cluny Reforms
Cluny – French monastery, est. 910—birthplace of reform movement
rejected subservience of clergy to secular authorities; pope sole ruler (separation of church & state)
denounced concubinage among local clergy
grew to almost 1,500 cloisters
other Cluny-inspired reforms, 11th c.:
formal bans on simony (
Formally separated Eastern and Western churches
1054 – Pope excommunicated Patriarch and all Orthodox followers
Roots of schism:
Language
Politics
Liturgy
Filioque clause
Filioque
Original Nicene Creed: "We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father…"
Roman Catholic version (589 CE): "We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father and the Son…"
Catholic Church: Cluny Reforms
Cluny – French monastery, est. 910—birthplace of reform movement
rejected subservience of clergy to secular authorities; pope sole ruler (separation of church & state)
denounced concubinage among local clergy
grew to almost 1,500 cloisters
other Cluny-inspired reforms, 11th c.:
formal bans on simony (